Pathobiology of<i>Pneumocystis</i>pneumonia: life cycle, cell wall and cell signal transduction

Skalski, Joseph H.; Kottom, Theodore J.; Limper, Andrew H.

doi:10.1093/femsyr/fov046

Cited by 56 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 146 publications

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“…Pneumocystis spp. are organisms classified as fungi that can cause disease in immunosuppressed animals and people (Skalski et al 2015). Pneumonia is the most common clinical presentation.…”

Section: Honeycombmentioning

confidence: 99%

A taste of pathology

et al. 2019

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Adult learning, or andragogy, provides a novel way of appreciating using food analogies as an effective learning tool in veterinary pathology. Facilitation of adult learning requires that new concepts be presented in a way that draws on the learner’s experience. Because veterinary students will have had considerable experience with a plethora of food items prior to enrolling in a pathology course, food analogies can provide an easy conduit for incorporating key learning concepts regarding veterinary pathology. In this paper, many of these analogies are presented, along with the mechanisms responsible for each of the characteristic lesions, in the hopes that their usefulness in the classroom can be highlighted to create a more engaging and facilitated learning environment.

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“…Pneumocystis spp. are organisms classified as fungi that can cause disease in immunosuppressed animals and people (Skalski et al 2015). Pneumonia is the most common clinical presentation.…”

Section: Honeycombmentioning

confidence: 99%

A taste of pathology

et al. 2019

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“…In the absence of CD4 immunity, such as during AIDS, innate immune responses exert a more dominant role (Skalski et al. ). The roles of C type lectins (CLR) and P. murina were explored [1710].…”

Section: Pneumocystismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…and the host are also accompanied by host immune activation centered on CD4 lymphocytes. In the absence of CD4 immunity, such as during AIDS, innate immune responses exert a more dominant role (Skalski et al 2015). The roles of C type lectins (CLR) and P. murina were explored [1710].…”

Section: Host-parasite Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The 14th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists (IWOP 14)

Cushion

Limper

Porollo

et al. 2018

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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The 14th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists (IWOP-14) was held August 10-12, 2017 in Cincinnati, OH, USA. The IWOP meetings focus on opportunistic protists (OIs); for example, free-living amoebae, Pneumocystis spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma, the Microsporidia, and kinetoplastid flagellates. The highlights of Pneumocystis spp. research included the reports of primary homothallism for mating; a potential requirement for sexual replication in its life cycle; a new antigen on the surface of small asci; roles for CLRs, Dectin-1, and Mincle in host responses; and identification of MSG families and mechanisms used for surface variation. Studies of Cryptosporidia spp. included comparative genomics, a new cryopreservation method; the role of mucin in attachment and invasion, and epidemiological surveys illustrating species diversity in animals. One of the five identified proteins in the polar tube of Microsporidia, PTP4, was shown to play a role in host infection. Zebrafish were used as a low cost vertebrate animal model for an evaluation of potential anti-toxoplasma drugs. Folk medicine compounds with anti-toxoplasma activity were presented, and reports on the chronic toxoplasma infection provided evidence for increased tractability for the study of this difficult life cycle stage. Escape from the parasitophorus vacuole and cell cycle regulation were the topics of the study in the acute phase.

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“…For instance, in animal studies B cell deficient transgenic mice died from Pneumocystis infection more rapidly than B cell competent controls [12], and in human case reports, humoral immune deficiencies such as X-linked agammaglobulinemia were the sole PCP risk factors identified [13–15]. Given the clinical importance of humoral responses to Pneumocystis and the difficulties propagating Pneumocystis in culture [16], we have developed recombinant fragments of the Pneumocystis jirovecii major surface glycoprotein (Msg) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to detect antibody responses to Msg [17–20]. Emerging research on P .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of clinical and environmental factors on bronchoalveolar antibody responses to Pneumocystis jirovecii: A prospective cohort study of HIV+ patients

et al. 2017

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BackgroundHumoral immunity plays an important role against Pneumocystis jirovecii infection, yet clinical and environmental factors that impact bronchoalveolar antibody responses to P. jirovecii remain uncertain.MethodsFrom October 2008—December 2011 we enrolled consecutive HIV-infected adults admitted to San Francisco General Hospital (SFGH) who underwent bronchoscopy for suspected Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). We used local air quality monitoring data to assign ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and fine particulate matter exposures within 14 days prior to hospital admission. We quantified serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) antibody responses to P. jirovecii major surface glycoprotein (Msg) recombinant constructs using ELISA. We then fit linear regression models to determine whether PCP and ambient air pollutants were associated with bronchoalveolar antibody responses to Msg.ResultsOf 81 HIV-infected patients enrolled, 47 (58%) were diagnosed with current PCP and 9 (11%) had a prior history of PCP. The median CD4+ count was 51 cells/μl (IQR 15–129) and 44% were current smokers. Serum antibody responses to Msg were statistically significantly predictive of BALF antibody responses, with the exception of IgG responses to MsgC8 and MsgC9. Prior PCP was associated with increased BALF IgA responses to Msg and current PCP was associated with decreased IgA responses. For instance, among patients without current PCP, those with prior PCP had a median 73.2 U (IQR 19.2–169) IgA response to MsgC1 compared to a 5.00 U (3.52–12.6) response among those without prior PCP. Additionally, current PCP predicted a 22.5 U (95%CI -39.2, -5.82) lower IgA response to MsgC1. Ambient ozone within the two weeks prior to hospital admission was associated with decreased BALF IgA responses to Msg while nitrogen dioxide was associated with increased IgA responses.ConclusionsPCP and ambient air pollutants were associated with BALF IgA responses to P. jirovecii in HIV-infected patients evaluated for suspected PCP.

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Pathobiology ofPneumocystispneumonia: life cycle, cell wall and cell signal transduction

Cited by 56 publications

References 146 publications

A taste of pathology

A taste of pathology

The 14th International Workshops on Opportunistic Protists (IWOP 14)

Effects of clinical and environmental factors on bronchoalveolar antibody responses to Pneumocystis jirovecii: A prospective cohort study of HIV+ patients

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