Pathless directed topology in connection to the circulation of blood in the heart of human body

Abstract

<abstract><p>We introduce a topology on the set of vertices of a directed graph and we call the topological space as pathless directed topological space. We study relation between the relative topologies and pathless directed topological spaces of E-generated subdirected graphs. Then, we study connectedness, isomorphic and homeomorphic properties in digraphs and pathless directed topological spaces. Moreover, we apply our results to blood circulation process in human heart and disprove Shokry and Aly [M. Shokry and R. E. Aly, Topological properties on graph vs medical application in human heart, Int. J. Appl. Math., 15 (2013), 1103-1109], Nada et al. [S. Nada, A. E. F. El Atik and M. Atef, New types of topological structures via graphs, Math. Method. Appl. Sci., 41 (2018), 5801-5810] and Nawar et al. [A. S. Nawar and A. E. F. A. El-Atik, A model of a human heart via graph nano topological spaces, Int. J. Biomath., 12 (2019), p.1950006]. We show that pathless directed topology is accurately describing the circulation of blood in the heart of human body.</p></abstract>

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