“…Formulations of evacuation planning problems range from network flow models Cova and Johnson, 2003;Hoppe & Tardos, 2007), cell-transmission-models (Chiu, Villabos, & Gautam, 2007), traffic assignment models , multiobjective path selection models (Yuan & Wang, 2009), and transshipment models (Hoppe and Tardos, 2000). Optimization-based solution algorithms include those based on Capacity Constrained Route Planning (Lu, Huang, & Shekhar, 2003;Lu, George & Shekhar, 2005;Lu, 2006), Flip High Flip Edge (Kim & Shekhar, 2005), contraflow network reconfiguration (Shekhar & Kim, 2006), and Multi-Ant Colony Systems (MACS) (Zong, Xiong, Fang, & Li, 2010).…”