Path Loss in Urban LoRa Networks: A Large-Scale Measurement Study

Rademacher, Michael; Linka, Hendrik; Horstmann, Thorsten; Henze, Martin

doi:10.1109/vtc2021-fall52928.2021.9625531

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…As follows from (17), for a given M, the same uncoded BER in an AWGN channel for two M-ASPM transmitters will be achieved when Γ 1 /η 1 = Γ 2 /η 2 , where, respectively for the first and the second transmitter, Γ 1 and Γ 2 are the SNRs, and η 1 and η 2 are the spectral efficiencies. Then, for two otherwise identical transmitters (i.e., having the same PSF ACF and operating in the same frequency band, with the same antenna gains, various system attenuations, etc.)…”

Section: Range and Power Control By Pulse Duty Cyclementioning

confidence: 92%

“…Normally, the received power decreases with the distance d between the transmitter and the receiver, and the SNR is a decreasing function of d. For example, for the power-law path loss Γ ∝ d −γ , where γ is the path-loss exponent. For free-space path loss γ = 2, and it can be 2-3 times larger for harsh environments [14][15][16][17]. Then, from the condition Γ/η = const it follows that, for the power-law path loss, the M-ASPM range d ∝ η −1/γ ∝ N p 1/γ .…”

Section: B Uncoded Ber Performance Of M-aspm In Awgn Channel and Rang...mentioning

confidence: 98%

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M-Ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation With Pulse-Shaping Power Control for Highly Scalable LPWANs

Nikitin¹,

Davidchack

2023

IEEE Access

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M-ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation (M-ASPM) is the physical layer (PHY) modulation technique that is well suited for use in low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs). Notably, M-ASPM combines high energy-per-bit efficiency, robustness, resistance to interference, and a number of other favorable technical characteristics, with the spread-spectrum ability to maintain the capacity of an uplink-focused network while extending its range. However, when all M-ASPM nodes transmit with the same average power, implementation of such capacity-preserving range extension may become impractical in complicated propagation environments with greatly varying path losses. Favorably, the efficiency of M-ASPM with constant-envelope pulses can be maintained effectively the same as the efficiency of transmitting a continuous constant-envelope waveform. Then the transmit power of different nodes can be adjusted, without sacrificing the transmission efficiency, to compensate for differences in the path attenuation. This enables us to significantly simplify planning and management of the network. In addition, such a variablepower approach generally increases the network capacity and the average energy efficiency of the nodes, as compared with the arrangement of the nodes with a constant transmit power. In this paper, we outline a practical approach to implementing such an energy-efficient M-ASPM power control, that can be used for scaling LPWANs with realistic desired and/or actual areal distributions of the uplink nodes under diverse propagation conditions.INDEX TERMS Aggregate spread pulse modulation (ASPM), Internet of things (IoT), LoRa, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), M-ary ASPM (M-ASPM), physical layer (PHY), spread spectrum, timebandwidth product (TBP).

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Section: Range and Power Control By Pulse Duty Cyclementioning

confidence: 92%

Section: B Uncoded Ber Performance Of M-aspm In Awgn Channel and Rang...mentioning

confidence: 98%

M-Ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation With Pulse-Shaping Power Control for Highly Scalable LPWANs

Nikitin¹,

Davidchack

2023

IEEE Access

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Normally, the received power decreases with the distance d between the transmitter and the receiver, and the SNR is a decreasing function of d. For example, for the power-law path loss Γ ∝ d −γ , where γ is the path-loss exponent. For freespace path loss γ = 2, and it can be 2-3 times larger for harsh environments [14][15][16][17]. Then, from the condition Γ/η = const it follows that, for the power-law path loss, the M-ASPM range d ∝ η −1/γ ∝ N p 1/γ .…”

Section: B Uncoded Ber Performance Of M-aspm In Awgn Channel and Rang...mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…As was mentioned in Section III, we use the simple power-law path loss model for illustration of the main scaling properties of M-ASPM, and for its comparison with LoRa. In fact, empirical data for the LoRa long-distance path loss show that, when the value of the path-loss exponent is chosen according to the specific environment and to the maximum physical range, this simple model may be adequate for the overall assessment of the network coverage [14][15][16][17]. For example, for the city of Bonn (Germany), with a flat topography and a typical urban environment with tall and medium-sized buildings, the authors report in [17] the values of γ 3 for the ranges approximately below 2 km, and γ 2 for the ranges above 6 km, with the value of the path-loss exponent eventually decaying to γ ≈ 1.6 at longer rages.…”

Section: W I D E a R E A L C O V E R A G E W I T H M -A S P M A Smentioning

confidence: 99%

M-ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation with pulse-shaping power control for highly scalable LPWANs

Nikitin¹,

Davidchack²

2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

M-ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation (M-ASPM) is the physical layer (PHY) modulation technique that is well suited for use in low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs). Notably, M-ASPM combines high energy-per-bit efficiency, robustness, resistance to interference, and a number of other favorable technical characteristics, with the spread-spectrum ability to maintain the capacity of an uplink-focused network while extending its range. However, when all M-ASPM nodes transmit with the same average power, implementation of such capacity-preserving range extension may become impractical in complicated propagation environments with greatly varying path losses. Favorably, the efficiency of M-ASPM with constant-envelope pulses can be maintained effectively the same as the efficiency of transmitting a continuous constant-envelope waveform. Then the transmit power of different nodes can be adjusted, without sacrificing the transmission efficiency, to compensate for differences in the path attenuation. This enables us to significantly simplify planning and management of the network. In addition, such a variable-power approach generally increases the network capacity and the average energy efficiency of the nodes, as compared with the arrangement of the nodes with a constant transmit power. In this paper, we outline a practical approach to implementing such an energy-efficient M-ASPM power control, that can be used for scaling LPWANs with realistic desired and/or actual areal distributions of the uplink nodes under diverse propagation conditions.

show abstract

“…603 Normally, the received power decreases with the distance d 604 between the transmitter and the receiver, and the SNR is a 605 decreasing function of d. For example, for power-law path 606 loss ∝ d −γ , where γ is the path-loss exponent. For 607 free-space path loss γ = 2, and it can be 2-3 times larger for 608 harsh environments [23], [24], [25]. Then, from the condition 609 /η = const it follows that, for the power-law path loss, the 610 M-ASPM range d ∝ η −1/γ ∝ N p 1/γ .…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

M-Ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation for Robust and Scalable Low-Power Wireless Networks

Nikitin¹,

Davidchack

2022

IEEE Access

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this paper we present an overview of the M-ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation (M-ASPM), and provide an assessment of its suitability and advantages for use in low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs). Notably, M-ASPM combines high energy-per-bit efficiency, robustness, resistance to interference, and a number of other favorable technical characteristics, with the spread-spectrum ability to maintain the network capacity while extending its range. We quantify the impact of mutual interference of multiple M-ASPM transmitters and demonstrate how such capacity-preserving range extension can be achieved for numerous desired areal distributions of the uplink nodes. Throughout the paper, LoRa is used for benchmark comparison and quantification of various M-ASPM features. In particular, we show that, while sharing many essential properties with LoRa, M-ASPM provides far more effective network range extension. When used in the same manner as LoRa, M-ASPM can serve as an appealing LoRa alternative. In addition, while being different LPWAN solutions, M-ASPM and LoRa can be designed to concurrently operate in the same spectral band and geographical area, cooperatively complementing each other's coverage. 13 14 15 INDEX TERMS Aggregate spread pulse modulation (ASPM), intermittently nonlinear filtering (INF), Internet of Things (IoT), LoRa, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), M-ary ASPM (M-ASPM), physical layer (PHY), spread spectrum, time-bandwidth product (TBP). to B. Therefore, at best, when extending the distance 49 between the transmitters and the receiver, one can only main-50 tain (but not increase) the total number of the transmitting 51 nodes that can be placed at the given range d, at the penalty 52 of the energy consumption per node increasing with range 53 as d γ . 54 The effectiveness of the FDMA-based approaches to man-55 aging the network range and capacity largely depends on the 56 validity of the relation d γ i ∝ 1/ B i for any i-th sub-band. 57 However, signals in different sub-bands may be affected 58 very differently by the propagation conditions, e.g. delay 59 and Doppler spreads, and the assumption of a constant noise 60 PSD would hardly hold for unlicensed spectral bands. Thus, 61 alternatively, we may want to use the full spectral band B 62 for all nodes as a common shared resource, and, instead of 63 changing the bandwidth, achieve the desired range of a link by 64 changing the spectral efficiency of a modulation with a given 65 energy-per-bit efficiency. Say, we can use an increase in the 66 processing gain B/ B provided by a spread spectrum (SS) 67 technique [5] to extend the range of a link. For example, for 68 the code-division multiple access (CDMA) with orthogonal 69 codes, it will lead to the same relation between the range and 70 the number of nodes as the FDMA-based approaches. That is, 71 while increasing the distance between the transmitters and the 72 receiver, we can maintain the total number of the transmitting 73 nodes that can be placed at the given range, with the same 74 penalty on...

show abstract

Path Loss in Urban LoRa Networks: A Large-Scale Measurement Study

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

M-Ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation With Pulse-Shaping Power Control for Highly Scalable LPWANs

M-Ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation With Pulse-Shaping Power Control for Highly Scalable LPWANs

M-ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation with pulse-shaping power control for highly scalable LPWANs

M-Ary Aggregate Spread Pulse Modulation for Robust and Scalable Low-Power Wireless Networks

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