“…Rice (2004) modelled the fitness dynamics of fecundity assuming mating scenarios represented by one female and one male only (see also Pollak, 1978). However, this assumption is a simplification of the dynamics of selection from variance in fecundity within populations, as it is broadly recognized that female multiple-mating (both remating and polyandry) influences fitness through increases in fecundity in a wide diversity of organisms, from invertebrates to vertebrates (Gwynne, 1984; Ridley, 1988; Madsen et al, 1992; Karlsson, 1998; Arnqvist & Nilsson, 2000; Eady et al, 2000; Evans & Magurran, 2000; Wiklund et al, 2001; Woolfenden et al, 2002; Kamimura, 2003; Vahed, 2003; Lewis et al, 2004; Torres-Vila et al, 2004; Bjork & Pitnick, 2006; Schwartz & Peterson, 2006; Engqvist, 2007; Gershman, 2007; LaDage et al, 2008; Lorch et al, 2008; McNamara et al, 2008b; Slatyer et al, 2012). This view is reinforced by the overwhelming evidence that female multiple mating is common in a wide diversity of species (Birkhead & Møller, 1998; Simmons, 2001; Cornell & Tregenza, 2007).…”