“…For example, placental insufficiency occurs in 10 to 15% of pregnancies, and underlying causes include advanced maternal age (Ales, Druzin, & Santini, 1990; Torous & Roberts, 2020; Wu et al, 2019), hypertension (Krielessi et al, 2012), obesity (Delhaes et al, 2018; Lutsiv, Mah, Beyene, & McDonald, 2015; MacInnis, Woolcott, McDonald, & Kuhle, 2016; Mission, Marshall, & Caughey, 2015; Sohlberg, Stephansson, Cnattingius, & Wikström, 2012), cigarette smoking (Pintican, Poienar, Strilciuc, & Mihu, 2019), drug and alcohol use, and medications (Sebastiani et al, 2018). However, emerging studies, indicate that the paternal preconception environment including diet and obesity also play a critical role in placental development and offspring health (Binder et al, 2015; Binder, Hannan, & Gardner, 2012; Jazwiec et al, 2022; Lambrot et al, 2013).…”