Paternal lineages in southern Iberia provide time frames for gene flow from mainland Europe and the Mediterranean world

Middle eastern genetic legacy in the paternal and maternal gene pools of Chuetas

“…No haplotype was shared between Chuetas and Majorcans. Haplotype diversity in Chuetas (0.965) was considerably lower than in Majorcans (0.998), Bragança Jews (0.987) 23 , or other populations in the literature 45,46 . These results are in accordance with the historical and demographic data of this population and with the reduced genetic diversity in some markers found in previous genetic studies 29,47 .…”

“…In Iberia former Y-chromosome lineages were nearly completely replaced by haplogroup R1b-M269 53 , and a west-to-east gene flow from Iberia could have introduced these haplogroups into Western Mediterranean islands 54 . Majorca showed similar values (63%) to the rest of Iberian populations 19,46 , whereas the Chueta population (4%), had similar values to Middle Eastern and North African populations 55,56 . In Jewish populations, values range between 5% and 11.5% 19,57,58 , with the highest frequencies in Sephardim.…”

“…One of the main sub-branches of haplogroup G-M201, G2a, was the predominant male lineage in early European farmers, although the important Y-chromosome turnover in the Bronze Age nearly completed replaced it with the R1b lineage 52,53 . Nowadays haplogroup G-M201 is most common in Caucasus where the maximum frequencies are observed (> 70%), but it also occurs in the rest of the Middle East and south-western European countries at frequencies ranging from 5 to 15% 67 ; while in North Africa it is far lower than in any European Mediterranean population 46 . In Jewish populations, Moroccan and Sephardic Jews have the highest values, 16% and 19%, respectively 14,23,57 (Fig.…”

“…This lineage has its maximum frequency in Arabia, but also high frequencies in the Middle East and in Jewish groups 58,64 . Some of its derived lines have purportedly been associated with Arabisation in North Africa 46,62 while others have been implicated with different expansions of Middle Eastern populations through the Mediterranean Sea 56 . In most Jewish populations, J2-M172 reaches considerable frequencies 9,14,19,57 (Fig.…”

The Ancestry of Eastern Paraguay: A Typical South American Profile with a Unique Pattern of Admixture

“…To investigate the origin of the current paternal European background of Paraguay, comparisons were performed using Y-SNP data pooled from the literature by means of pairwise F ST s (as described above) and principal component analysis (PCA) using Statistica software v. 14.0.0.15 (TIBCO Software Inc.). Data from several European populations were collected [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53], representing different geographic regions. In these analyses, the non-European haplogroups in the sample from Paraguay were excluded.…”