Paternal lineage of alcoholism, cohort effects, and alcoholism criteria

Jong, Judith A. De; Roy, Alec

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02074.x

Addiction

1993

DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02074.x

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Paternal lineage of alcoholism, cohort effects, and alcoholism criteria

Judith A. De Jong

Alec Roy

Abstract: Adoption studies have led to the suggestion that there may be two distinct subgroups of alcoholics with differing genetic contributions. Among 249 male alcoholics we used discriminant analysis to relate the features of type 1 and type 2 alcoholism to the presence or absence of a family history of alcoholism in male paternal relatives. We found that guilt and binging, features usually attributed to type 1 (milieu-limited) alcoholism, were in fact more prevalent in the family history positive group. An additiona… Show more

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“…Based on Swedish adoption data, Cloninger and colleagues' recently replicated findings of a distinction between milieulimited (type 1) and male-limited (type 2) subtypes is an important exception.6 Type 1 alcoholics show little heritability, whereas type 2 alcoholics have shown substantial father-to-son transmission of alcoholism and antisocial characteristics. These subtypes of alcoholism have been reported to differ on clinical and biochemical measures (although equi~ocally).~-~~ As a typology, the type l/type 2 distinction has shown considerable diagnostic heterogeneity, 16-" with some alcoholics failing to satisfy criteria for either," and many satisfying criteria for both subtypes. 20 Although it has received relatively little empirical attention:''22 separating genetic and environmental influence on individual alcoholics is fundamental to understanding disease etiology, prevention, and treatment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Extension of a Typology of Alcohol Dependence Based on Relative Genetic and Environmental Loading

Johnson

Bree

Gupman

et al. 1998

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Mild, severe, and dyssocial subtypes of alcohol dependence, previously identified among Caucasian men from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study, were also identified among Caucasian men and women with DSM-IV alcohol dependence from the National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (n = 2,703; 1,746 respectively). These subtypes were not identified among African American and Hispanic American men or women with DSM-IV alcohol dependence. Among Caucasians with alcohol dependence, the subtypes were characterized by differential loading on three dimensions: genetic, general environmental, and dyssocial environmental symptom scales developed in a prior twin study. The mild subtype (60% of men and 66% of women) was distinguished by low mean scores on all three scales; the dyssocial subtype (24% of men and 20% of women) by low mean genetic and general environmental scores but high mean dyssocial environmental scores; and the severe subtype (16% of men and 14% of women) by high scores on the genetic and general environmental scales. These subtypes also showed the expected distinctions in clinical characteristics. The severe subtype showed greater comorbid drug dependence and major depression, more treatment seeking, and a higher prevalence of parental alcoholism. The severe subtype also showed significantly greater genetic influence adjusted for overall severity of alcohol dependence (genetic ratio). Only the severe subtype showed a pattern of scale scores and clinical characteristics suggestive of substantial genetic influence. The present study indicates a robustness of the typology originally developed among DSM-III alcohol-dependent Caucasian men by empirical extension of the subtypes to a different sample of Caucasian men and, separately, Caucasian women. The use of this typology may aid in distinguishing between Caucasian alcohol-dependent individuals on the basis of relative genetic influence, enabling genetic, behavioral, and epidemiological investigations to reduce genetic or environmental "noise" and better focus on specific aspects of alcohol dependence.

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confidence: 99%

Extension of a Typology of Alcohol Dependence Based on Relative Genetic and Environmental Loading

Johnson

Bree

Gupman

et al. 1998

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Subtypes of Alcohol‐Dependent Men: A Typology Based on Relative Genetic and Environmental Loading

Johnson

Bree

Pickens

1996

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Using scales that distinguish between relative genetic and environmental loading, cluster analysis was used to identify three subtypes of alcohol dependence in Caucasian men from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study (n = 911). Although all subjects met DSM-III criteria for alcohol dependence, only the severe subtype showed evidence of substantial genetic influence. When compared on a range of clinical characteristics, the mild subtype (53% of the sample) was typically least adversely affected and the severe subtype (17%) most affected, with the dyssocial subtype (30%) falling between. Severe subtype subjects had significantly greater comorbid drug dependence and were at least four times more likely than mild subjects to have sought treatment for alcohol problems. Ratio of genetic scale score to total symptom count (genetic ratio) was highest for the severe subtype (mean = 0.37), and negatively correlated with age of first alcohol problem (rs = -0.16) and years between first intoxication and first problem (rs = 0.19). No significant correlations were found between these clinical features and genetic ratio for the mild or dyssocial subtypes. Use of these scales and subtypes may improve our ability to detect specific gene effects in genetic linkage studies and to identify environmental influences in behavioral and epidemiological studies.

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Children of Substance Abusers: Overview of Research Findings

1999

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A relationship between parental substance abuse and subsequent alcohol problems in their children has been documented extensively. Children of alcoholics (COAs) are considered to be at high risk because there is a greater likelihood that they will develop alcoholism compared with a randomly selected child from the same community. COAs and children of other drug-abusing parents are especially vulnerable to the risk for maladaptive behavior because they have combinations of many risk factors present in their lives. The single most potent risk factor is their parent's substance-abusing behavior. This single risk factor can place children of substance abusers at biologic, psychologic, and environmental risk. Since the turn of the century, many reports have described the deleterious influence of parental alcoholism on their children. A series of studies measured mortality, physiology, and general health in the offspring of alcoholic parents and concluded that when mothers stopped drinking during gestation, their children were healthier. Today, research on COAs can be classified into studies of fetal alcohol syndrome, the transmission of alcoholism, psychobiologic markers of vulnerability, and psychosocial characteristics. Each of these studies hypothesizes that differences between COAs and children of nonalcoholics influence maladaptive behaviors later in life, such as academic failure or alcoholism. This research supports the belief that COAs are at risk for a variety of problems that may include behavioral, psychologic, cognitive, or neuropsychologic deficits. The vast literature on COAs far outweighs the literature on children of other drug abusers. Relatively little is known about children of heroin addicts, cocaine abusers, or polydrug abusers. Nonetheless, many researchers suggest that the children of addicted parents are at greater risk for later dysfunctional behaviors and that they, too, deserve significant attention to prevent intergenerational transmission of drug abuse. Most research on children of other drug abusers examines fetal exposure to maternal drug abuse. The overview of the research on children of substance abusers points toward the need for better, longitudinal research in this area. Most studies on COAs or other drug abusers are not longitudinal; they examine behavior at one point in time. Given the studies reviewed in this article, it is unclear whether we see true deficits or developmental delay. Longitudinal studies will allow us to predict when early disorders and behavioral deviations will be transient or when they will be precursors to more severe types of maladaptive behavior. Longitudinal research also will enable us to explain specific childhood outcomes. Differences in outcome could be studied simultaneously to understand whether antecedents discovered for one are specific to it or are general antecedents leading to a broad variety of outcomes.

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Paternal lineage of alcoholism, cohort effects, and alcoholism criteria

Cited by 3 publications

References 10 publications

Extension of a Typology of Alcohol Dependence Based on Relative Genetic and Environmental Loading

Extension of a Typology of Alcohol Dependence Based on Relative Genetic and Environmental Loading

Subtypes of Alcohol‐Dependent Men: A Typology Based on Relative Genetic and Environmental Loading

Children of Substance Abusers: Overview of Research Findings

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