Paterae on Io: A new type of volcanic caldera?

Radebaugh, J.; Keszthelyi, L.; McEwen, A. S.; Turtle, E. P.; Milazzo, M. P.

doi:10.1029/2000je001406

Cited by 93 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…There is a difference in caldera size between basaltic edifices and stratovolcanoes. In active basaltic edifices, the mean maximum caldera diameter is 6-7 km, whereas in stratovolcanoes the mean maximum caldera diameter is 18-19 km (Radebaugh et al, 2001), suggesting greater energy available to form typical calderas in stratovolcanoes. For calderas, the collapse diameter is normally similar, or somewhat smaller, than the diameter of the associated shallow magma chamber (Gudmundsson, 2008).…”

Section: Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strengths and strain energies of volcanic edifices: implications for eruptions, collapse calderas, and landslides

Guðmundsson

2012

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Natural hazards associated with volcanic edifices depend partly on how fracture resistant the edifices are, i.e. on their strengths. Observations worldwide indicate that large fluid-driven extension fractures (dikes, inclined sheets), shear fractures (landslides), and mixed-mode fractures (ring dikes and ring faults) normally propagate more easily in a basaltic edifice (shield volcano) than in a stratovolcano. For example, dike-fed eruptions occur once every few years in many basaltic edifices but once every 10 2−3 yr in many stratovolcanoes. Large landslides and caldera collapses also appear to be more common in a typical basaltic edifice/shield volcano than in a typical stratovolcano. In contrast to a basaltic edifice, a stratovolcano is composed of mechanically dissimilar rock layers, i.e. layers with mismatching elastic properties (primarily Young's modulus). Elastic mismatch encourages fracture deflection and arrest at contacts and increases the amount of energy needed for a large-scale edifice failure. Fracture-related hazards depend on the potential energy available to propagate the fractures which, in turn, depends on the boundary conditions during fracture propagation. Here there are two possible scenarios: one in which the outer boundary of the volcanic edifice or rift zone does not move during the fracture propagation (constant displacement); the other in which the boundary moves (constant load). In the former, the total potential energy is the strain energy stored in the volcano before fracture formation; in the latter, the total potential energy is the strain energy plus the work done by the forces moving the boundary. Constantdisplacement boundary conditions favor small eruptions, landslides, and caldera collapses, whereas constant-load conditions favor comparatively large eruptions, landslides, and collapses. For a typical magma chamber (sill-like with a diameter of 8 km), the strain energy change due to magmachamber inflation is estimated at the order of 10 14 J (0.1 PJ).For comparison, the surface energy needed to form a typical feeder dike is of the same order of magnitude, or 10 14 J. There are several processes besides magma-chamber inflation that may increase the strain energy in a volcano before eruption. Thus, during a typical unrest period with magmachamber inflation, the added strain energy in the volcano is large enough for a typical feeder dike to form. An injected dike, however, only reaches the surface and becomes a feeder if it is able to propagate through the numerous layers and contacts that tend to deflect or arrest dikes. The strong elastic mismatch between layers that constitute stratovolcanoes not only encourages fracture arrest, but also the storage of more strain energy (than in a typical basaltic edifice/shield volcano) before fracture formation and failure. It is thus through producing materials of widely different mechanical properties that stratovolcanoes become strong and resilient.

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Section: Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strengths and strain energies of volcanic edifices: implications for eruptions, collapse calderas, and landslides

Guðmundsson

2012

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…The general consensus in the interpretation of paterae on Venus and Mars is that they are analogs for calderas . This argument has been supported by the comparison of the distributions and morphology of paterae on Io to calderas on Earth and paterae on Mars and Venus (Radebaugh et al, 2001). The increase in space remote sensing data has allowed planetary calderas to be studied and compared throughout the solar system in order to understand their formation processes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Scaling properties of planetary calderas and terrestrial volcanic eruptions

Sanchez

Shcherbakov

2012

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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Abstract. Volcanism plays an important role in transporting internal heat of planetary bodies to their surface. Therefore, volcanoes are a manifestation of the planet's past and present internal dynamics. Volcanic eruptions as well as caldera forming processes are the direct manifestation of complex interactions between the rising magma and the surrounding host rock in the crust of terrestrial planetary bodies. Attempts have been made to compare volcanic landforms throughout the solar system. Different stochastic models have been proposed to describe the temporal sequences of eruptions on individual or groups of volcanoes. However, comprehensive understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for volcano formation and eruption and more specifically caldera formation remains elusive. In this work, we propose a scaling law to quantify the distribution of caldera sizes on Earth, Mars, Venus, and Io, as well as the distribution of calderas on Earth depending on their surrounding crustal properties. We also apply the same scaling analysis to the distribution of interevent times between eruptions for volcanoes that have the largest eruptive history as well as groups of volcanoes on Earth. We find that when rescaled with their respective sample averages, the distributions considered show a similar functional form. This result implies that similar processes are responsible for caldera formation throughout the solar system and for different crustal settings on Earth. This result emphasizes the importance of comparative planetology to understand planetary volcanism. Similarly, the processes responsible for volcanic eruptions are independent of the type of volcanism or geographical location.

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“…In total, about 450 paterae have been identified (Barth and Radebaugh, 2010). Average patera diameter (diameter of a circle having the same area as patera) is 41 km (Radebaugh et al, 2001). The majority of paterae have floors partially or completely covered by lava flows that are thought to be active (McEwen et al, 1985).…”

Section: Paterae and Mountainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They may form from a variety of possible processes linked to volcanism and tectonism, similar to calderas on Earth (Radebaugh et al, 2001). One model for patera formation involves collapse due to the sublimation of abundant, sulfur-rich frosts in the crust heated from the interior .…”

Section: Paterae and Mountainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has enabled accumulation of vast stores of internal heat (Peale et al, 1979) and has made Io the most volcanically active object in the solar system (Davies, 2001), evidenced by abundant lava flows and lava fountains (Radebaugh et al, 2001). Io also contains some of the largest mountains in the solar system, supported by a silicate-rich crust interlayered with sulfurous frosts (Schenk et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lineations and structural mapping of Io's paterae and mountains: Implications for internal stresses

Ahern

Radebaugh

Christiansen

et al. 2017

Icarus

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Io is the most volcanically active and tidally influenced body in the solar system. Its paterae and mountains are among its most distinguishing features. Paterae, similar to calderas, are volcanotectonic collapse features, often with active lava flows on their floors. Io's mountains are some of the highest in the solar system and contain many linear features that reveal global and regional stresses. This study investigates the relationship of linear features associated with paterae and mountains to stress fields associated with proposed mechanisms of formation: tidal forces, crustal loading, and local tectonics.

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Paterae on Io: A new type of volcanic caldera?

Cited by 93 publications

References 40 publications

Strengths and strain energies of volcanic edifices: implications for eruptions, collapse calderas, and landslides

Strengths and strain energies of volcanic edifices: implications for eruptions, collapse calderas, and landslides

Scaling properties of planetary calderas and terrestrial volcanic eruptions

Lineations and structural mapping of Io's paterae and mountains: Implications for internal stresses

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