Patent Medicine Vendors in Rural Areas of Lagos Nigeria: Compliance with Regulatory Guidelines and Implications for Malaria Control

Oyeyemi, Abisoye; Ogunnowo, Babatunde; Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade

doi:10.4314/tjpr.v13i1.23

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…A substantial percentage of PPMVs have received formal medical training, ranging from 14% in Enugu [ 57 ] to 20% in Rivers and Kano [ 54 , 58 ] and 32% in Lagos [ 59 ]. Prior or concurrent employment in a health center was also common; 29% of surveyed PPMVs in Oyo had worked at a health facility [ 41 ], with rural PPMVs twice as likely than those in urban areas to be dually-employed [ 60 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, apprenticeships with another PPMV remains the primary source of training for the majority of PPMVs [ 35 , 41 , 61 , 62 ]. PPMVs’ were found to have an average of between 5.4 and 15.5 years of experience [ 41 , 42 , 46 , 55 , 59 , 61 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies conducted after the 2005 change in treatment guidelines for malaria found that stocking of ACTs has increased over time, from 37% [ 37 ] in 2009 to 54% in 2011 at a national level, following the implementation of the Affordable Medicine Facility-malaria (AMFm) pilot, which aimed to increase the availability of ACTs [ 38 ]. Smaller scale studies found around 60% [ 49 , 59 ] of PPMVs stocking ACTs, reaching up to 97% in some states [ 57 ]. However, many studies found that PPMVs continued to stock non-recommended drugs for malaria including chloroquine and artemisinin monotherapies [ 35 – 38 , 43 , 47 , 62 , 64 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Review of the Role of Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors in Healthcare Provision in Nigeria

2015

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BackgroundInterventions to reduce the burden of disease and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa increasingly recognize the important role that drug retailers play in delivering basic healthcare services. In Nigeria, owner-operated drug retail outlets, known as patent and proprietary medicine vendors (PPMVs), are a main source of medicines for acute conditions, but their practices are not well understood. Greater understanding of the role of PPMVs and the quality of care they provide is needed in order to inform ongoing national health initiatives that aim to incorporate PPMVs as a delivery mechanism.Objective and MethodsThis paper reviews and synthesizes the existing published and grey literature on the characteristics, knowledge and practices of PPMVs in Nigeria. We searched published and grey literature using a number of electronic databases, supplemented with website searches of relevant international agencies. We included all studies providing outcome data on PPMVs in Nigeria, including non-experimental studies, and assessed the rigor of each study using the WHO-Johns Hopkins Rigor scale. We used narrative synthesis to evaluate the findings.ResultsWe identified 50 articles for inclusion. These studies provided data on a wide range of PPMV outcomes: training; health knowledge; health practices, including drug stocking and dispensing, client interaction, and referral; compliance with regulatory guidelines; and the effects of interventions targeting PPMVs. In general, PPMVs have low health knowledge and poor health treatment practices. However, the literature focuses largely on services for adult malaria, and little is known about other health areas or services for children.ConclusionsThis review highlights several concerns with the quality of the private drug retail sector in Nigeria, as well as gaps in the existing evidence base. Future research should adopt a more holistic view of the services provided by PPMV shops, and evaluate intervention strategies that may improve the services provided in this sector.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Systematic Review of the Role of Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors in Healthcare Provision in Nigeria

2015

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“…13,30 This could be due to the high burden of infectious and parasitic diseases across the continent. The fact that patent medicine vendors (PMVs) who are known to have poor compliance with regulatory practices (as they simply sell whatever drugs clients requested, with little history or counseling, and also stock their shops with popular medicines at the expense of policy recommended treatment) constitute the main source of the self-medicated drugs across the continent, 4,31 underscores the need for the regulatory agencies concerned in the respective countries to wake up to their responsibilities, in order to prevent a large scale development of antibiotic resistance across the continent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Awareness, Risk Perception and Practice of Self-Medication Among Pregnant Women Attending Ante-Natal Clinics in Sokoto, Nigeria

Attahiru

Awosan

Hassan

et al. 2018

J. Drug Delivery Ther.

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Background: In addition to its adverse health effects on mother and fetus, self-medication is believed to be one of the main driving forces behind the increasing burden of antimicrobial resistance worldwide. This study aimed to assess the awareness, risk perception and practice of self-medication among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Sokoto, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 315 pregnant women (selected by a two-stage sampling technique) attending the antenatal clinics of the Primary Healthcare Centres in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Data were collected with a set of pretested, interviewer-administered, structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS version 20 statistical package. Results: Whereas, almost all the respondents (98.4%) were aware of self-medication, less than half of them (47.3%) perceived it as a serious threat to their health and the health of their unborn baby. Majority of respondents (67.9%) had self-medicated, with the most commonly self-medicated drugs being analgesics/antipyretics (35.1%), antimalarials (31.3%) and antibiotics (24.3%). The most commonly cited reasons for self-medicating were financial problems (28.5%), lack of the required drugs in the hospital (16.8%), lack of time (12.6%), and sickness being mild (9.8%). Self-medication practice was influenced by respondents' age, marital status, educational background and perception of risk. Conclusion: This study showed low risk perception and high prevalence of self-medication among pregnant women in Sokoto, Nigeria. Sensitization of members of the public on the hazards of self-medication, poverty alleviation, and provision of comprehensive healthcare services at subsidized prices for pregnant women are hereby suggested.

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“…Although only primary education is required to open a PPMV, recent studies indicate that the majority hold at least a secondary degree and substantial percentages in fact have formal medical training (Beyeler et al, 2015). Nevertheless, there are significant concerns about the quality of service provided by this highly diverse sector (Beyeler et al, 2015), and studies indicate that compliance with scope of practice regulations (Fajola et al, 2011;Ujuju et al, 2014) and licensing requirements is low (Beyeler et al, 2015;Oyeyemi et al, 2014). These concerns about the quality of care provided by PPMVs, and the role of their social networks in influencing their practices, is significant given that PPMVs are a major source of care in the country, particularly among poor and rural communities (Onwujekwe et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social support in the practices of informal providers: The case of patent and proprietary medicine vendors in Nigeria

Sieverding

Liu

Beyeler

2015

Social Science & Medicine

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The social and institutional environments in which informal healthcare providers operate shape their health and business practices, particularly in contexts where regulatory enforcement is weak. In this study, we adopt a social capital perspective to understanding the social networks on which proprietary and patent medicine vendors (PPMVs) in Nigeria rely for support in the operation of their shops. Data are drawn from 70 in-depth interviews with PPMVs in three states, including interviews with local leaders of the PPMV professional association. We find that PPMVs primarily relied on more senior colleagues and formal healthcare professionals for informational support, including information about new medicines and advice on how to treat specific cases of illness. For instrumental support, including finance, start-up assistance, and intervention with regulatory agencies, PPMVs relied on extended family, the PPMVs with whom they apprenticed, and the leaders of their professional association. PPMVs' networks also provided continual reinforcement of what constitutes good PPMV practice through admonishments to follow scope of practice limitations. These informal reminders, as well as monitoring activities conducted by the professional association, served to reinforce PPMVs' concern with avoiding negative customer health outcomes, which were perceived to be detrimental to their business reputations. That PPMVs' networks both encouraged practices to reduce the likelihood of poor health outcomes, and provided advice regarding customers' health conditions, highlights the potential impact of informal providers' access to different forms of social capital on their delivery of health services, as well as their success as microenterprises.

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Patent Medicine Vendors in Rural Areas of Lagos Nigeria: Compliance with Regulatory Guidelines and Implications for Malaria Control

Abstract: Purpose: To determine the compliance of patent medicine vendors (PMVs)

Cited by 20 publications

References 10 publications

A Systematic Review of the Role of Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors in Healthcare Provision in Nigeria

A Systematic Review of the Role of Proprietary and Patent Medicine Vendors in Healthcare Provision in Nigeria

Awareness, Risk Perception and Practice of Self-Medication Among Pregnant Women Attending Ante-Natal Clinics in Sokoto, Nigeria

Social support in the practices of informal providers: The case of patent and proprietary medicine vendors in Nigeria

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