Patent and Intellectual Property Rights Issues

Dunwell, J. M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04812-8_12

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…In 2004, Arita and Ohashi published a method for integrating short watermark sequences into living organisms [12]. DNA-based watermarks are helpful tools for identifying the unauthorized use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) protected by patents [13]. Furthermore, they have recently been applied in order to distinguish the wildtype from an artificially designed genome [14].…”

Section: Dna Data Storage In Living Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that watermarks based on DNA-Crypt do not affect the phenotype of the cells investigated. Thus, DNA watermarking has a considerable potential to protect patents of genetically modified organisms in the near future [13]. Furthermore, Jupiter et al suggested the use of such watermarking strategies to mark infectious agents for tracking purposes [24].…”

Section: Dna Data Storage In Living Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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DNA Watermarking: Challenging Perspectives for Biotechnological Applications

Heider¹,

Barnekow

2011

CBIO

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Today, cutting edge research is being conducted at the intersection of the fields of cryptography, steganography and molecular genetics. DNA has emerged as a promising new carrier medium for hidden information and DNA-based watermarks, as a special kind of DNA steganography. DNA-based watermarks are helpful tools to identify the unauthorized use of genetically modified organisms protected by patents. Furthermore, they have been recently applied to distinguish between wildtype and artificially designed genomes.However, these watermarks must not be integrated randomly into the genome of living organisms, due to the fact that they might affect cellular functions. Artificial DNA can, for instance, alter the primary sequence and thus the function of a protein when integrated into such coding regions. To counteract these problems, several groups have developed algorithms that hide information in living organisms without affecting them. These algorithms are mainly based on the degenerative genetic code.Mutations occurring infrequently can be detected and even be corrected by some of the published methods using parity bits or sophisticated mutation correction codes. Nevertheless, the underlying assumptions of the mutation scenarios in all existing DNA watermarking procedures are rather artificial. Mutations are treated as being uniformly distributed, and thus, these methods are not able to capture and reflect the de facto underlying biological principles of mutations, which are very specific and often accumulated. Thus, realistic mutation scenarios have to be developed for establishing practically applicable watermarking procedures for biotechnological applications.

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Section: Dna Data Storage In Living Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dna Data Storage In Living Organismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

DNA Watermarking: Challenging Perspectives for Biotechnological Applications

Heider¹,

Barnekow

2011

CBIO

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“…Concerning this issue, substantial pressure is exerted on developing countries, mainly by the USA, to accept agreements on intellectual property that exceed the minimum requirements set by the WTO. However, according to certain non-governmental organizations, the issue of crop patenting threatens small farmers’ access to seeds (Tripp et al , 2007; Dunwell, 2010). Overall, intellectual property rights have played a controversial role in many biotechnological developments within the private sector (Adenle et al , 2012).…”

Section: Production Commercialization and Intellectual Property Of Transgenic Crops Around The Worldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production, commercialization, and intellectual property of transgenic crops in Latin America

Barragán-Ocaña

Ruíz

Olmos-Peña

et al. 2019

JADEE

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Purpose Transgenic crops have been increasingly adopted, produced and commercialized throughout the world. Correspondingly, the management of intellectual property rights concerning transgenic crops has gained importance. In this context, it is necessary to understand the status quo of transgenic crop production, especially in developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to provide a general scenario of transgenic crops and their growth around the world, especially in Latin America. Design/methodology/approach A literature review was carried out to determine the status of intellectual property protection, production and commercialization of transgenic crops. Findings Opinions concerning the risks and benefits of adopting transgenics are markedly divided. Its presence in the agricultural sector has undoubtedly taken a firm hold in different parts of the world. Nevertheless, there are some areas of the international transgenics industry that need further and ongoing discussion and assessment, such as biosafety, intellectual property, regulation and legislation, among others. Additionally, in developing countries, and especially in the case of Latin America, other relevant issues to be addressed are associated with the conservation of local plant varieties and the preservation of cultural values, as well as the development of endogenous technology to solve local problems and the integration of farmers and the society at large and their interests into the discussion. Research limitations/implications The most significant limitation of the present study was the lack of available data. Future studies using larger data sets will allow for more robust statistical analyses. Additionally, country-specific studies focused on the most important crops, those that each country grows intensively, are necessary for a better insight into the global dynamics of the sector; these studies must stress the intellectual property mechanisms used and address biosafety and regulatory issues, among other areas. Originality/value The present study represents a starting point for establishing schemes to facilitate the proper development and management of transgenic technology based on regional interests and the guiding principles of ethics and biosecurity.

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“…In any consideration of future trends it is of great value to assess the patent literature, as this provides a summary of those novel technologies that are the subject of research activity, particularly in commercial companies who will publish information in patent applications prior to it emerging in the conventional scientific literature. The most recent overall review of this area is that of Dunwell (2010) who includes a discussion of IPR relevant to the research scientist and to those interested in international development, globalization, and sociological and ethical aspects of the public-and private-sector relationships. Data on patent application and granted patents are available in many publically accessible databases, with the most complete being that at http://www.patentlens.net/.…”

Section: Patentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenic cereals: Current status and future prospects

Dunwell

2014

Journal of Cereal Science

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This review summarises the history of transgenic (GM) cereals, principally maize, and then focuses on the scientific literature published in the last two years. It describes the production of GM cereals with modified traits, divided into input traits and output traits. The first category includes herbicide tolerance and insect resistance, and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses; the second includes altered grains for starch, protein or nutrient quality, the use of cereals for the production of high value medical or other products, and the generation of plants with improved efficiency of biofuel production. Using data from field trial and patent databases the review considers the diversity of GM lines being tested for possible future development. It also summarises the dichotomy of response to GM products in various countries, describes the basis for the varied public acceptability of such products, and assesses the development of novel breeding techniques in the light of current GM regulatory procedures.

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Patent and Intellectual Property Rights Issues

Cited by 6 publications

References 95 publications

DNA Watermarking: Challenging Perspectives for Biotechnological Applications

DNA Watermarking: Challenging Perspectives for Biotechnological Applications

Production, commercialization, and intellectual property of transgenic crops in Latin America

Transgenic cereals: Current status and future prospects

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