Patchoulene Epoxide Isolated from Patchouli Oil Suppresses Acute Inflammation through Inhibition of NF-κB and Downregulation of COX-2/iNOS

Abstract

According to the GC-MS analysis, compositional variation was observed between samples of patchouli oil, of which an unknown compound identified as patchoulene epoxide (PAO) was found only in the long-stored oil, whose biological activity still remains unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory activity with three in vivo inflammatory models: xylene-induced ear edema, acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, and carrageenan-induced paw edema. Further investigation into its underlying mechanism on carrageenan-induced paw edema was conducted. Results demonstrated that PAO significantly inhibited the ear edema induced by xylene, lowered vascular permeability induced by acetic acid and decreased the paw edema induced by carrageenan. Moreover, PAO markedly decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and nitric oxide (NO), but increased levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). PAO was also shown to significantly downregulate the protein and mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS). Western blot analysis revealed that PAO remarkably inhibited p50 and p65 translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus by suppressing IKKβ and IκBα phosphorylation. In conclusion, PAO exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity probably by suppressing the activation of iNOS, COX-2 and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Patchouli oil isolated from the leaves of Pogostemon cablin ameliorates ethanol-induced acute liver injury in rats via inhibition of oxidative stress and lipid accumulation

“…24 In addition, PO could also suppress NF-kB signaling pathway so as to decrease the release of pro-inammatory cytokines and alleviate further inammatory action. 25,26 Recent pharmacological study has conrmed the protective effect of n-hexane extractive from Pogostemon patchouli against alcoholic liver injury. 27 However, to the best of our knowledge, few reports have illustrated the protective property of PO against ethanol-caused hepatic damage.…”

The Efficacy of Processing Strategies on the Gastroprotective Potentiality ofChenopodium quinoaSeeds

“…Pretreatment of rats with OMP or QP, QG, QB, QF significantly inhibited the overexpression of these inflammatory parameters and attenuated inflammatory responses. e inhibitory activity of the different types of processed red quinoa seeds close to omeprazole efficacy can be referred to the gastroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of flavonoids, phenolic acids [64,66,67], and carotenoids [72,73] released variably from the processed red seeds [8,9] via blocking the signaling pathway of TNF-α and inhibition of the inflammatory mediators involved (COX-2 and iNOS) [74].…”

Systems Pharmacological Approach to Investigate the Mechanism of Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma for Alzheimer’s Disease

“…A angiogenesis inhibitor of marmesin (M28; DL=0.18, BBB=0.07, and OB=50.28) was reported to have regulatory effect on endothelial cell fate and angiogenesis [ 49 ]. Antioxidation and anti-inflammation effect of patchoulene (M31; DL=0.11, BBB=2.17, and OB=49.06) was proved through inhibition of nuclear factor κ B (NF- κ B) and downregulation of COX-2/iNOS [ 50 ]. Bergapten (M12; DL=0.13, BBB=0.69, and OB=42.21) was reported to have anti-inflammatory properties [ 51 ] and the ability of ameliorating the insulin resistance [ 52 ].…”