Passive Smoking and Risk of Breast Cancer in the California Teachers Study

Reynolds, Peggy; Hurley, Susan; Nelson, David; Largent, Joan; Henderson, Katherine D.; Bernstein, Leslie

doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0936

Cited by 55 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Smoke from a spouse or the workplace in this study indicates that these two factors are important sources of breast cancer risk in Thai women. The result is consistent with Western women but different in level of exposure (Luo et al, 2011;Reynolds et al, 2009). The immediate implication is that there should be a strong focus on preventing smoke exposure.…”

Section: And the Statistical Comparison Between Two Groupssupporting

confidence: 75%

Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk in Thai Urban Females

Pimhanam

Sangrajrang²,

Ekpanyaskul³

2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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The incidence of urban female breast cancer has been continuously increasing over the past decade with unknown etiology. One hypothesis for this increase is carcinogen exposure from tobacco. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the risk of urban female breast cancer from tobacco smoke exposure. The matched case control study was conducted among Thai females, aged 17-76 years and living in Bangkok or its surrounding areas. A total of 444 pairs of cases and controls were recruited from the Thai National Cancer Institute. Cases were newly diagnosed and histologically confirmed as breast cancer while controls were selected from healthy women who visited a patient, matched by age ± 5 years. After obtaining informed consent, tobacco smoke exposure data and information on other potential risk factors were collected by interview. The analysis was performed by conditional logistic regression, and presented with odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals(CI). From all subjects, 3.8% of cases and 3.4% of controls were active smokers while 11.0% of cases and 6.1% of controls were passive smokers. The highest to lowest sources of passive tobacco smoke were from spouses (40.8%), the workplace (36.8%) and public areas (26.3%), respectively. After adjusting for other potential risk factors or confounders, females with frequent low-dose passive smoke exposure (≤7 hours per week) from a spouse or workplace had adjusted odds ratio 3.77 (95%CI=1.11-12.82) and 4.02 (95%CI=1.04-15.50) higher risk of breast cancer compared with non-smokers, respectively. However, this study did not find any association of breast cancer risk in high dose passive tobacco smoke exposure, or a dose response relationship in cumulative passive tobacco smoke exposure per week, or in the active smoker group. In conclusion, passive smoke exposure may be one important risk factor of urban female breast cancer, particularly, from a spouse or workplace. This risk factor highlights the importance of avoiding tobacco smoke exposure as a key measure for breast cancer prevention and control.

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Section: And the Statistical Comparison Between Two Groupssupporting

confidence: 75%

Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Breast Cancer Risk in Thai Urban Females

Pimhanam

Sangrajrang²,

Ekpanyaskul³

2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…As the comprehensiveness of the passive smoking measures has been shown to have a major impact on the magnitude of the passive smoking effect observed, 4,7,8,14,17 the measures of passive smoking exposure available in the EPIC cohort are likely to have underestimated risk associated with passive exposure and might also have diluted the active smoking risks, if some passive smokers were incorrectly classified as "unexposed." Indeed, cohort studies with better passive smoking exposure measure observed higher risk estimates in the most passively exposed women 8,23 and higher risks were also observed in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women in studies where lifetime exposure to passive smoking was considered. 4 In the EPIC study, the evaluation of the risk in premenopausal women was limited by the small number of cases in this subgroup.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When only residential exposure was available, little effect of passive smoking was shown. 19,26 When both lifetime occupational and residential exposures 23 or more quantitative measures of passive smoking exposures 8 were evaluated, an increased risk was observed. The results published on data from the Nurses' Health Study, however, did not show any increased risk with passive smoking exposure either at work or at home, but their evaluation of passive smoking exposure remained incomplete.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Active and passive cigarette smoking and breast cancer risk: Results from the EPIC cohort

et al. 2014

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Recent cohort studies suggest that increased breast cancer risks were associated with longer smoking duration, higher pack‐years and a dose‐response relationship with increasing pack‐years of smoking between menarche and first full‐term pregnancy (FFTP). Studies with comprehensive quantitative life‐time measures of passive smoking suggest an association between passive smoking dose and breast cancer risk. We conducted a study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition to examine the association between passive and active smoking and risk of invasive breast cancer and possible effect modification by known breast cancer risk factors. Among the 322,988 women eligible for the study, 9,822 developed breast cancer (183,608 women with passive smoking information including 6,264 cases). When compared to women who never smoked and were not being exposed to passive smoking at home or work at the time of study registration, current, former and currently exposed passive smokers were at increased risk of breast cancer (hazard ratios (HR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] 1.16 [1.05–1.28], 1.14 [1.04–1.25] and 1.10 [1.01–1.20], respectively). Analyses exploring associations in different periods of life showed the most important increase in risk with pack‐years from menarche to FFTP (1.73 [1.29–2.32] for every increase of 20 pack‐years) while pack‐years smoked after menopause were associated with a significant decrease in breast cancer risk (HR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34–0.82 for every increase of 20 pack‐years). Our results provide an important replication, in the largest cohort to date, that smoking (passively or actively) increases breast cancer risk and that smoking between menarche and FFTP is particularly deleterious.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Although cigarette smoke is most often associated as a caustive agent in human lung cancers, it also clearly has pervasive systemic effects. For example, cigarette smoke increases the risk for the development of many different types of human cancers, including head and neck, bladder, pancreatic, stomach, liver, ovarian, colon, prostate and breast cancers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, cigarette smoke increases the risk for the development of many different types of human cancers, including head and neck, bladder, pancreatic, stomach, liver, ovarian, colon, prostate and breast cancers. [1][2][3][4][5] During the 20 th century, it has been estimated that tobacco use contributed significantly to the premature deaths of nearly 100 million people world-wide, and it is Cigarette smoke has been directly implicated in the disease pathogenesis of a plethora of different human cancer subtypes, including breast cancers. the prevailing view is that cigarette smoke acts as a mutagen and DNA damaging agent in normal epithelial cells, driving tumor initiation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%