Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer

Correa, Pelayo; Fontham, Elizabeth T.H.; Pickle, Linda Williams; Lin, Youping; Haenszel, William

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90680-3

Cited by 225 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In 1985-1994, the estimated proportions of Finnish male and female workers reporting exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during at least 25% of their workhours were 12% and 8%, respectively. [For men in the United States, the estimate of the fraction taken from the reference series of the Correa et al study (91) was 14% for those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.] Under these assumptions, the attributable fractions for Finnish male and female populations became 3% and 2%, respectively.…”

Section: Criteria Used For Selecting the Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland

Nurminen¹,

Karjalainen²

2001

Scand J Work Environ Health

260

202

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Objectives This study attempts to estimate the proportion of annual deaths related to occupational factors in Finland and considers related methodological issues and associated uncertainties.Methods Statistics on causes of death, numbers of subjects exposed, and risk ratios obtained from the epidemiologic literature were used to estimate the population attributable fraction and disease burden for causes of death from work-related diseases. Gender-, age-and disease-specific numbers of deaths were provided by Statistics Finland for 1996. Information on the size of the population, broken down by gender, age, occupation, and industry, was acquired from population censuses. A Finnish job-exposure matrix supplied data on the prevalence of exposure for specific agents and the level of exposure among exposed workers. ResultsThe attributable fraction of work-related mortality in the relevant disease and age categories was estimated to be 7% (10% for men and 2% for women), and for all diseases and ages the fraction was 4%. For the main cause-of-death categories, the attributable fraction became 12% for circulatory system diseases, 8% for malignant neoplasms, 4% for respiratory system diseases, 4% for mental disorders, 3% for nervous system diseases, and 3% for accidents and violence. The following estimates were obtained for specific important diseases: 24% for lung cancer, 17% for ischemic heart disease, 12% for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 11% for stroke. Based on these fractions, the total number of work-related deaths that occurred in Finland in 1996 was calculated to be on the order of 1800 (employed work force of 2.1 million); 86% involved men.Conclusions High-quality epidemiologic studies and national survey data are essential for obtaining reliable estimates of the proportion of deaths attributable to occupational factors. The magnitude of work-related mortality is an insufficiently recognized contributor to total mortality in Finland, especially from circulatory diseases and other diseases caused by exposure to agents other than asbestos.Key terms attributable fraction, burden of disease, epidemiologic methods, health statistics, occupational exposure. Global estimates of the burden of disease due to occupational factors have been calculated through the application of Finnish rates of registered work-related diseases (1). The approach is subject to the following two fundamental uncertainties: (i) the validity of the data on disease incidence from the national reporting scheme and (ii) the validity of worldwide extrapolations to different regions with different exposure circumstances. With the exception of studies using workers' compensation records, only a few research projects have estimated the magnitude of morbidity or mortality induced by exposure to hazardous agents or stress factors in the work environment at a state or national level. The investigations conducted in this area have covered New York State (2), the whole of the United States (3), Canada (4), and Australia (5). Given the lack of ...

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Section: Criteria Used For Selecting the Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland

Nurminen¹,

Karjalainen²

2001

Scand J Work Environ Health

260

202

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“…Thus the factors that control fetal mouse lung sensitivity to codon 12 mutation in K-ras could have wide implications for the etiology and management of human lung adenocarcinomas caused by tobacco smoke. It is even possible that some of these mutations originate in the fetal lung, as there has been at least one study linking adult lung cancer with maternal smoking (Correa et al, 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective mutation of K-ras by N-ethylnitrosourea shifts from codon 12 to codon 61 during fetal mouse lung maturation

et al. 1998

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“…This does not indicate a problem with these studies unless there are more cancers than could be expected in a nonsmoking population. Misclassification is perhaps of greater concern in some of the other studies where the reported relative risks and sample sizes have been smaller (20,(26)(27)(28)(29) and therefore more likely to change with a small amount of misclassification.…”

Section: Misclassification Of Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, some American studies have involved 22 lung cancers, of which only two were in nonsmokers (30,32); 35 lung cancers in nonsmokers (20); and 29 nonsmoking cases in another study (27).…”

Section: Sample Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of passive smoking to respiratory cancer.

Kuller¹,

Garfinkel²,

Correa³

et al. 1986

Environ Health Perspect

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This article reviews data from experimental and epidemiologic studies on passive smoking and makes 12 recommendations for further study. The physicochemical nature of passive smoke, the smoke inhaled by nonsmokers, differs significantly from the mainstream smoke inhaled by the active smoker. At present, measurement of urinary cotinine appears to be the best method of assessing exposures to passive smoking. Data indicate that the greater number of lung cancers in nonsmoking women is probably related to environmental tobacco smoke. Exposures in utero and very early in life to passive smoking may be important in relationship to the subsequent development of cancer and need further consideration. The short-term effects of environmental tobacco smoke on the cardiovascular system, especially among high-risk individuals, may be of greater concern than that of cancer and requires further study. Further study of increased risks of lung cancers in relation to environmental tobacco smoke exposure requires larger collaborative studies to identify lung cancer cases among nonsmokers, better delineation of pathology, and more careful selection of controls. In addition, studies of epithelial cells or specific cytology should be undertaken to determine evidence of cellular changes in relation to environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Animal inhalation studies with passive smoke should be initiated with respect to transplacental carcinogenesis, the relationship of sidestream smoke exposure with lung cancer, the induction of tumors in the respiratory tract and other organs, and the differences in the physicochemical natures of sidestream and mainstream smoke.

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Passive Smoking and Lung Cancer

Cited by 225 publications

References 14 publications

Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland

Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland

Selective mutation of K-ras by N-ethylnitrosourea shifts from codon 12 to codon 61 during fetal mouse lung maturation

Contribution of passive smoking to respiratory cancer.

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