Passive infrared remote sensing evidence for large, intermittent CO2 emissions at Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico

Goff, Fraser; Love, Steven P.; Warren, R.W.; Counce, D.; Obenholzner, J. H.; Siebe, Claus; Schmidt, S. C.

doi:10.1016/s0009-2541(00)00387-9

Cited by 118 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy from the ground has been applied in vulcanology for the last two decades Mori et al, 1993;Francis et al, 1996Francis et al, , 1998Love et al, 1998;Burton et al, 2001;Goff et al, 2001;Duffell et al, 2001) and many more as for example the recent measurements on Popocatépetl by Grutter et al (2008) and Stremme et al (2011) without controlling the radiation source and can be further distinguished in (A) absorption spectroscopy, which uses the sun, moon or hot rocks as light source and (B) thermal emission spectroscopy, using the radiation emitted by the target gas itself, which acts therefore as the light source. These geometries are depicted in the sketch provided in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic SO2 and SiF4 visualization using 2-D thermal emission spectroscopy – Part 1: Slant-columns and their ratios

et al. 2012

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Abstract. The composition and emission rates of volcanic gas plumes provide insight of the geologic internal activity, atmospheric chemistry, aerosol formation and radiative processes around it. Observations are necessary for public security and the aviation industry. Ground-based thermal emission infrared spectroscopy, which uses the radiation of the volcanic gas itself, allows for continuously monitoring during day and night from a safe distance. We present measurements on Popocatépetl volcano based on thermal emission spectroscopy during different campaigns between 2006-2009 using a Scanning Infrared Gas Imaging System (SIGIS). The experimental set-up, measurement geometries and analytical algorithms are described. The equipment was operated from a safe distance of 12 km from the volcano at two different spectral resolutions: 0.5 and 4 cm −1 . The 2-dimensional scanning capability of the instrument allows for an on-line visualization of the volcanic SO 2 plume and its animation. SiF 4 was also identified in the infrared spectra recorded at both resolutions. The SiF 4 /SO 2 molecular ratio can be calculated from each image and used as a highly useful parameter to follow changes in volcanic activity. A small Vulcanian eruption was monitored during the night of 16 to 17 November 2008 and strong ash emission together with a pronounced SO 2 cloud was registered around 01:00 a.m. LST (Local Standard Time). Enhanced SiF 4 /SO 2 ratios were observed before and after the eruption. A validation of the results from thermal emission measurements with those from absorption spectra of the moon taken at the same time, as well as an error analysis, are presented. The inferred propagation speed from sequential images is used in a subsequent paper (Part 2) to calculate the emission rates at different distances from the crater.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic SO2 and SiF4 visualization using 2-D thermal emission spectroscopy – Part 1: Slant-columns and their ratios

et al. 2012

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“…The first challenge was met by simultaneously measuring the overhead oxy-composition, the contributing degassing mechanisms, and the dynamics of mass transport in the volcano interior. Thus, monitoring volcanic gas emissions can help constrain subsurface processes and estimate fluxes of the geological carbon cycle (e.g., Allard et al, 1991;Goff et al, 2001;Burton et al, 2013). Furthermore, it holds the promise for improved eruption forecast since enhanced CO 2 / SO 2 emission ratios have been shown to precede eruptive volcanic activity with a lead time of hours to weeks (e.g., Aiuppa et al, 2007Aiuppa et al, , 2010.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, deployment close to the source typically comes with great costs and logistics effort, various hazards for instruments and operators, and, depending on the employed sampling strategy, limited representativeness for the volcanic source as a whole. Pioneering remote sensing experiments relied on detecting the absorption of volcanically emitted CO 2 along an atmospheric light path using the infrared emission of hot volcanic material (Naughton et al, 1969;Mori and Notsu, 1997) or exploiting the thermal contrast between the hot volcanic plume and the background sky (Goff et al, 2001). Aiuppa et al (2015) demonstrated a LIDAR technique for scanning a volcanic CO 2 plume.…”

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confidence: 99%

Remote sensing of volcanic CO2, HF, HCl, SO2, and BrO in the downwind plume of Mt. Etna

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Remote sensing of the gaseous composition of non-eruptive, passively degassing volcanic plumes can be a tool to gain insight into volcano interior processes. Here, we report on a field study in September 2015 that demonstrates the feasibility of remotely measuring the volcanic enhancements of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen chloride (HCl), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and bromine monoxide (BrO) in the downwind plume of Mt. Etna using portable and rugged spectroscopic instrumentation. To this end, we operated the Fourier transform spectrometer EM27/SUN for the shortwave-infrared (SWIR) spectral range together with a co-mounted UV spectrometer on a mobile platform in direct-sun view at 5 to 10 km distance from the summit craters. The 3 days reported here cover several plume traverses and a sunrise measurement. For all days, intra-plume HF, HCl, SO 2 , and BrO vertical column densities (VCDs) were reliably measured exceeding 5 ×1016 , 2 ×10 17 , 5 ×10 17 , and 1 ×10 14 molec cm −2 , with an estimated precision of 2.2 ×10 15 , 1.3 ×10 16 , 3.6 ×10 16 , and 1.3 ×10 13 molec cm −2 , respectively. Given that CO 2 , unlike the other measured gases, has a large and wellmixed atmospheric background, derivation of volcanic CO 2 VCD enhancements ( CO 2 ) required compensating for changes in altitude of the observing platform and for background concentration variability. The first challenge was met by simultaneously measuring the overhead oxygen (O 2 ) columns and assuming covariation of O 2 and CO 2 with altitude. The atmospheric CO 2 background was found by identifying background soundings via the coemitted volcanic gases. The inferred CO 2 occasionally exceeded 2 × 10 19 molec cm −2 with an estimated precision of 3.7 × 10 18 molec cm −2 given typical atmospheric background VCDs of 7 to 8 × 10 21 molec cm −2 . While the correlations of CO 2 with the other measured volcanic gases confirm the detection of volcanic CO 2 enhancements, correlations were found of variable significance (R 2 ranging between 0.88 and 0.00). The intra-plume VCD ratios CO 2 / SO 2 , SO 2 / HF, SO 2 / HCl, and SO 2 / BrO were in the range 7.1 to 35.4, 5.02 to 21.2, 1.54 to 3.43, and 2.9 × 10 3 to 12.5 × 10 3 , respectively, showing pronounced day-to-day and intra-day variability.

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“…Fourier-transform interferometers (FT-IRs) have become a very valuable device for volcanic gas studies (Love et al, 1998;Oppenheimer et al, 1998;Burton et al, 2000;Horrocks, 2001), including measurements of gas ratios reported by Oppenheimer et al (2002). Systems using ultraviolet light as a source have recently been developed for volcanic SO 2 measurements (McGonigle, 2005;Horton et al, 2006), for volcanic BrO measurements (Bobrowski et al, 2003), and also for CO 2 slantpath columns (Goff et al, 2001). More recently Stremme et al (2013) and Krueger et al (2013) presented measurements of volcanic emissions using a scanning FT-IR, showing two-dimensional visualisations of SO 2 based on thermal emission spectroscopy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Retrieval of sulfur dioxide from a ground-based thermal infrared imaging camera

Prata

Bernardo

2014

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. Recent advances in uncooled detector technology now offer the possibility of using relatively inexpensive thermal (7 to 14 µm) imaging devices as tools for studying and quantifying the behaviour of hazardous gases and particulates in atmospheric plumes. An experimental fast-sampling (60 Hz) ground-based uncooled thermal imager (Cyclops), operating with four spectral channels at central wavelengths of 8.6, 10, 11 and 12 µm and one broadband channel (7-14 µm) has been tested at several volcanoes and at an industrial site, where SO 2 was a major constituent of the plumes. This paper presents new algorithms, which include atmospheric corrections to the data and better calibrations to show that SO 2 slant column density can be reliably detected and quantified. Our results indicate that it is relatively easy to identify and discriminate SO 2 in plumes, but more challenging to quantify the column densities. A full description of the retrieval algorithms, illustrative results and a detailed error analysis are provided. The noise-equivalent temperature difference (NE T ) of the spectral channels, a fundamental measure of the quality of the measurements, lies between 0.4 and 0.8 K, resulting in slant column density errors of 20 %. Frame averaging and improved NE T 's can reduce this error to less than 10 %, making a stand-off, day or night operation of an instrument of this type very practical for both monitoring industrial SO 2 emissions and for SO 2 column densities and emission measurements at active volcanoes. The imaging camera system may also be used to study thermal radiation from meteorological clouds and the atmosphere.

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Passive infrared remote sensing evidence for large, intermittent CO2 emissions at Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico

Cited by 118 publications

References 31 publications

Volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> and SiF<sub>4</sub> visualization using 2-D thermal emission spectroscopy – Part 1: Slant-columns and their ratios

Volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> and SiF<sub>4</sub> visualization using 2-D thermal emission spectroscopy – Part 1: Slant-columns and their ratios

Remote sensing of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub>, HF, HCl, SO<sub>2</sub>, and BrO in the downwind plume of Mt. Etna

Retrieval of sulfur dioxide from a ground-based thermal infrared imaging camera

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Passive infrared remote sensing evidence for large, intermittent CO2 emissions at Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico

Cited by 118 publications

References 31 publications

Volcanic SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and SiF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; visualization using 2-D thermal emission spectroscopy – Part 1: Slant-columns and their ratios

Volcanic SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; and SiF&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; visualization using 2-D thermal emission spectroscopy – Part 1: Slant-columns and their ratios

Remote sensing of volcanic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, HF, HCl, SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, and BrO in the downwind plume of Mt. Etna

Retrieval of sulfur dioxide from a ground-based thermal infrared imaging camera

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Volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> and SiF<sub>4</sub> visualization using 2-D thermal emission spectroscopy – Part 1: Slant-columns and their ratios

Volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> and SiF<sub>4</sub> visualization using 2-D thermal emission spectroscopy – Part 1: Slant-columns and their ratios

Remote sensing of volcanic CO<sub>2</sub>, HF, HCl, SO<sub>2</sub>, and BrO in the downwind plume of Mt. Etna