Passive fire protection of wood using some bio-derived fire retardants

Mechanistic Aspects of Condensed- and Gaseous-Phase Activities of Some Phosphorus-Containing Fire Retardants

“…The cone calorimetric results clearly indicated that the formulation containing fish gelatin and DOPO exhibited the best fire-proofing effects, as gauged from the values of the relevant parameters. The peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat released (THR) and effective heats of combustion (EHC) were found to the lowest, as compared to the virgin and other modified substrates [ 11 ]. In this context, we have also endeavoured to identify the gaseous phase fragments emanating from these additives, under an electron impact (GC/MS), or upon thermolysis (i.e., pyrolysis-GC/MS)—the details are given in Section 3.2.1 and Section 3.2.2 .…”

“…In this context, we have also endeavoured to identify the gaseous phase fragments emanating from these additives, under an electron impact (GC/MS), or upon thermolysis (i.e., pyrolysis-GC/MS)—the details are given in Section 3.2.1 and Section 3.2.2 . Whilst some of the additives have been extensively used in the case of synthetic polymers [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] to the best of our knowledge, there are only limited information in the literature regarding their use as components for bio-sourced formulations for passively fire protecting ligno-cellulosic materials [ 10 , 11 ].…”

“…The structural features of char residues can be deduced from observing the relevant signal intensities in the Raman spectra [ 11 , 18 , 19 ]. In the present study, we recorded the Raman spectra from representative char residues where the intensities of the graphitic ( G band, associated with the vibrations of plane terminal glass carbons’ unorganized carbon structure) and amorphous ( D band, owing to an E 2 g vibrational mode of graphitic sp 2 bonded carbon atoms’ graphitic layered structure) were compared [ 11 ]. Hence, the ratios of the intensities of the bands (i.e., I G / I D ), as measured through their respective areas, were different for all the test samples, and were indicative of the degree of graphitization of the carbonaceous residues obtained upon burning ( Table 3 ).…”

“…0.5 mm thickness), and were left to dry in a fume cupboard overnight. The details of sample preparation for the cone tests and test solutions of char residues for inductively-coupled optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) are given elsewhere [ 10 , 11 ]. Here, the measurements of phosphorus contents were done in triplicate by using Shimadzu ICPE-9000 instrument (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Melbourne, Australia) and the average values were taken.…”

“…Here, the measurements of phosphorus contents were done in triplicate by using Shimadzu ICPE-9000 instrument (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Melbourne, Australia) and the average values were taken. The details regarding the recording of 31 P solid-state NMR and Raman spectra are also given in our previous publication [ 11 ].…”