Passive and active cooling for the outdoor built environment – Analysis and assessment of the cooling potential of mitigation technologies using performance data from 220 large scale projects

Santamouris, M.; Ding, Lan; Fiorito, Francesco; Oldfield, Philip; Osmond, Paul; Paolini, Riccardo; Prasad, Deo; Synnefa, Afroditi

doi:10.1016/j.solener.2016.12.006

Cited by 294 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…City locations can be up to 3-10°C warmer than rural and natural areas in the same climate zones, with wide ranging negative consequences [2]. Cool and super-cool surfaces have the ability to reduce local outdoor air temperatures and as a result also reduce energy consumption used for cooling [3,4].…”

Section: Methodology à Surfaces To Counter the Urban Heat Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heat outflow is given by equation (1) at T (K) with s the StefanBoltzmann constant and E e the free flow hemispherical emittance into solid angle 2p steradians as defined by equation (2). Replacing P p and E p (2p) for P e and E e (2p) in equation (1) also requires the factor 0.5sT 4 while E p (2p) requires adding "cos u" into equation (2). The model in use thus required a factor 2.0 multiplying P p which was added to normalize total output to total free output for Lambertian emitters.…”

Section: Methodology à Surfaces To Counter the Urban Heat Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This needs to be considered in thermal design and in thermal image analysis. A simple experimental test exists which proves the validity of equation (2). It uses a special angular feature in the combination of E(u) and calorimetric data which shows that all smooth surface emittances have an almost common angular optical property, namely the representative angle u R where E(u,T) = E H [6].…”

Section: Methodology à Surfaces To Counter the Urban Heat Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The importance of surface finish to energy performance

Smith¹,

Gentle²,

Arnold³

et al. 2017

Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain.

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Abstract. Power generation in solar energy systems, thermal control in buildings and mitigation of the Urban Heat Island problem, are all sensitive to directional response to incoming radiation. The radiation absorption and emission profile also plays a crucial role in each system's response and depends strongly on surface finish. This important sensitivity needs wider recognition in materials data sheets, system modeling, plus in materials and environmental engineering. The impact of surface roughness on thermal response of natural and man-made external environments is examined. Important examples will be given of the role of surface finish within each class. Total emittance links to the way surface finish influences directional emittance E(u). Smooth surface thermal emittance on PV module covers, many solar absorbers, some roof paints, polished concrete, and glass windows can be up to 15% different from insulator results based on fully diffuse models of the same material. Widespread evidence indicates smooth metals and low-E solar absorber surfaces cool faster, and smooth insulators slower than previously thought. Matt paint is cooler than low sheen paint under the same solar heating impacts and normal concrete cooler than polished. Emittance for water is the prime environmental example of oblique impacts as it reflects strongly at oblique incidence, which leads to a significant drop in E(u). Ripples or waves however raise water's average emittance. A surprise in this work was the high sensitivity of total E and its angular components to roughness in the depth range of 0.1-0.8 mm, which are well under ambient thermal IR wavelengths of 3-30 mm but common in metal finishing. Parallel energy flows such as evaporation and convective cooling vary if emittance varies. Thermal image analysis can provide insights into angular radiative effects.

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Section: Methodology à Surfaces To Counter the Urban Heat Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodology à Surfaces To Counter the Urban Heat Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodology à Surfaces To Counter the Urban Heat Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The importance of surface finish to energy performance

Smith¹,

Gentle²,

Arnold³

et al. 2017

Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Therefore, using the PMV and PET evaluation indices is inadequate for evaluating the summer environment, when the radiation environment is the most acute. There are several relevant studies on the performance of heat island mitigation technologies [33]. However, if one considers how the thermal environments of outdoor spaces can be affected by the architecture's cooling condition, insulation condition, and its window ratios, there are not enough previous studies that have engaged in the comparative analysis of the effects of surface material variables of outdoor spaces and architectural planning variables, in a comprehensive and quantitative manner.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deduction of Optimum Surface Design Factors for Enhancement of Outdoor Thermal Environment in a Micro-Scale Unit

Jung

Yoon

2017

Sustainability

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Abstract:To solve some of the problems associated with changing urban climates, such as the heat island effect, the exterior building skin and ground surfaces should be analyzed because they are directly exposed to the outdoor climate and have the greatest impact on energy consumption. Research is needed to identify design factors to improve the effect of a building's skin in the outdoor summer season's thermal environment. In this study, the current conditions of outdoor thermal environments were identified by conducting field measurements at an apartment housing complex. A simulation analysis was conducted based on cases that included different design factors for a building's skin and ground surfaces. When the significance probability of the design factors for the surface plans for apartment buildings and surface cover was analyzed based on the Taguchi experimental design method, the window plan and surface cover plan influenced the outdoor thermal environment. Notably, the surface cover plan had the most significant impact on the outdoor thermal environment. The result of the analysis of the correlation between the design factors for an apartment complex's surface plans and outdoor thermal environment indices showed that the window plan correlated with the entire surface temperature of building and heat island potential (HIP).

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“…But some studies give the greenery, evaporative systems, cool ponds, cool roofs, pavements, green roofs is brought down by maximum of 2K with the help of mitigation technology. For the same projects, the average ambient temperature drop is nearly 0.74K [2]. A solar chimney can be used for natural ventilation to save energy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Analysis of Passive Cooling Technique Applied to A Room Under Naturally Induced Flow

Al¹

2017

IJMPERD

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In 21 st century, the global warming has become great threat to mankind. The Air Conditioner became mandatory for room cooling in all the households which releases poisonous gases like CFCs and CO2 and also depends on electric power. The best promising alternative for less energy consumption is the passive cooling technique. Passive cooling (PC) is the process of reducing the temperature of a specified region without using electricity. In this paper, we discussed about the passive cooling of a room with the help of natural convection and solar chimney. The set up consists of a plastic pipe, copper pipe, solar chimney and a room. The solar chimney reduces the density of the air in the chimney, due to this density difference, the cool air enters the room and the air present in the room flows into the chimney. The atmospheric air is passed through the copper pipe which is placed underground near the water resource. So the heat available in the atmospheric air will be convected naturally through the walls of copper pipe to the water. In this experiment, we achieved about 1.5 to 2K of temperature reduction.

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Passive and active cooling for the outdoor built environment – Analysis and assessment of the cooling potential of mitigation technologies using performance data from 220 large scale projects

Cited by 294 publications

References 90 publications

The importance of surface finish to energy performance

The importance of surface finish to energy performance

Deduction of Optimum Surface Design Factors for Enhancement of Outdoor Thermal Environment in a Micro-Scale Unit

Computational Analysis of Passive Cooling Technique Applied to A Room Under Naturally Induced Flow

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