“…The experimental investigations of transient dynamics of sliders have been widely conducted using laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) signal, acoustic emission (AE)/PZT signal, and read/write signal. The analyses of nonstationary and nonlinear signals of slider dynamics have been implemented by using Fourier analysis-based time-frequency analysis (TFA) and wavelet transformation (WT) in HDDs area by industry and university labs [1,2,5,6,92,93]. For slider dynamics in nanometer clearance regime, the effects of air-bearing, intermolecular adhesion, contact and lubricant effect, as well as other factors yield nonlinear responses.…”