Passenger Occupancy Estimation in Vehicles: A Review of Current Methods and Research Challenges

Abstract

Passenger detection and occupancy estimation are vital tasks in many fields. The existing literature emphasises that the increasing demand for such systems will continue to grow. This paper reviews the existing literature specializing in the field of transportation safety and efficiency concerning occupancy estimation in vehicles and passenger detection at public transport stations. A comparison between different approaches to passenger estimation is presented. Discussion on the advantages and disadvantages is highlighted. Hence, this paper provides an analysis of 146 papers on the current state of the field. This review paper concludes that invasive methods provide high accuracy with relatively cheap implementation, while noninvasive systems do not violate passenger privacy but lack state-of-the-art accuracy. Future work will include a systematic literature review and a comparative analysis of systems considering the existing window tinting and solar windshields heavily blocking certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Moreover, future work will investigate the critical challenges of noninvasive passenger estimation in different types of vehicles: trucks, buses, or even motorcycles.

Evaluating the Performance of Video-Based Automated Passenger Counting Systems in Real-World Conditions: A Comparative Study

“…These APC systems are usually mounted above the doors to count passengers entering and leaving the vehicle; however, alternative solutions for counting passengers have been developed by employing Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras placed within the vehicles. The prevalent characteristic in both approaches is the zenithal positioning of the cameras, i.e., above passengers’ heads [ 9 ]. In Europe, seven major companies produce and sell APC systems, either as manufacturers or system integrators.…”