Partners in Crime: An Empirical Evaluation of the CIA Rendition, Detention, and Interrogation Program

Schmidt, Averell; Sikkink, Kathryn

doi:10.1017/s1537592717004224

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The definition of implementation of the antitorture norm, in our mind, should involve not just how the norm is included in domestic, regional, and international institutions and adopted into domestic law, but also the degree to which such changes led to enforcement 25 See Schmidt and Sikkink (2018). and accountability.…”

Section: Implementation and Enforcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expectation of enforcement and accountability appears greatest in democratic states; therefore, regime type was also a factor shaping responses to US contestation. Even among the forty countries that participated actively with the US torture program, democratic participating states did not exhibit worsening human rights practices (Schmidt and Sikkink 2018). Thus we stress not just the level of legalization of the norm, but the degree to which institutionalization of the norm involves the expectation of enforcement and accountability.…”

Section: Assessing the Robustness Of The Torture Norm: Actors Procesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breaking the Ban? The Heterogeneous Impact of US Contestation of the Torture Norm

Schmidt¹,

Sikkink²

2019

Journal of Global Security Studies

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Following the attacks of 9/11, the United States adopted a policy of torturing suspected terrorists and reinterpreted its legal obligations so that it could argue that this policy was lawful. This article investigates the impact of these actions by the United States on the global norm against torture. After conceptualizing how the United States contested the norm against torture, the article explores how US actions impacted the norm across four dimensions of robustness: concordance with the norm, third-party reactions to norm violations, compliance, and implementation. This analysis reveals a heterogeneous impact of US contestation: while US policies did not impact global human rights trends, it did shape the behavior of states that aided and abetted US torture policies, especially those lacking strong domestic legal structures. The article sheds light on the circumstances under which powerful states can shape the robustness of global norms.

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Section: Implementation and Enforcementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Assessing the Robustness Of The Torture Norm: Actors Procesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breaking the Ban? The Heterogeneous Impact of US Contestation of the Torture Norm

Schmidt¹,

Sikkink²

2019

Journal of Global Security Studies

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“… 7 I borrow this phrasing from Schmidt & Sikkink (2018), who use it in the context of interstate learning and norm diffusion. …”

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confidence: 99%

“…The aggregate averages are highly skewed, though respective median fatalities of 2 and 104 also suggest a significant gap between nonviolent and violent campaigns in terms of lethality.6 Or, more specifically, 'police state' in the context of fending off domestic challengers. 7 I borrow this phrasing fromSchmidt & Sikkink (2018), who use it in the context of interstate learning and norm diffusion.8 The army's initial troop count was nearly doubled by the end of the conflict. 9 Almost certainly a significant undercount.…”

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confidence: 99%

Swords into ploughshares? Why human rights abuses persist after resistance campaigns

Shay¹

2023

Journal of Peace Research

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Human rights abuse tends to increase during national crises, such as civil wars and mass nonviolent uprisings. Under what conditions does this abuse abate or persist? I argue that violent challenges provoke much more coercive state responses, exposing more personnel within the security forces to extreme forms of repression and priming them (both leaders and followers) to reproduce these behaviors after the conflict has terminated. This effect is mitigated or avoided when challengers rely on nonviolent tactics instead of violence, leading to less post-conflict abuse. I test this argument with several quantitative methods, which establish a positive association between nonviolent resistance campaigns and subsequent freedom from political killings. Results also suggest that democratization can partially – but not fully – counteract the repressive legacies of violent conflict. By choosing to specialize in nonviolent tactics, therefore, resistance leaders avoid a repression trap that not even democratization can fully disarm.

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Police programmes that seek to increase community connectedness for reducing violent extremism behaviour, attitudes and beliefs

Mazerolle

Eggins

Cherney

et al. 2020

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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Background Police can play a role in tackling violent extremism through disrupting terrorist plots and by working with communities to identify individuals at risk of radicalisation. Police programmes to tackle violent extremism can involve a range of approaches and partnerships. One approach includes efforts to improve community connectedness by working to address social isolation, belonging, economic opportunities and norms and values that may lead people to endorse or support violent extremist causes and groups. The assumption is that the risk of an individual being radicalised in the community can be reduced when police work in pothe international legal ordersitive ways with community members and groups to mobilise and support activities that help generate a sense of belonging and trust. Police programmes that build a sense of belonging and trust may help ensure individuals are not influenced by activities that violent extremists use to attract support for their cause. Objectives The review aimed to systematically examine whether or not police programmes that seek to promote community connectedness are effective in reducing violent extremist behaviours, attitudes and beliefs. The review also sought to identify whether effectiveness varied by the intervention type and location. Search Methods Using terrorism‐related terms, we searched the Global Policing Database to identify eligible published and unpublished evaluations between January 2002 and December 2018. We supplemented this with comprehensive searches of relevant terrorism and counter‐terrorism websites and research repositories, reference harvesting of eligible and topic‐relevant studies, forward citation searches of eligible studies, hand‐searches of leading journals and consultations with experts. Selection Criteria Eligible studies needed to include an initiative that involved the police, either through police initiation, development, leadership or where the police were receivers of the programme (such as a training programme) or where the police delivered or implemented the intervention. The initiative also needed to be some kind of a strategy, technique, approach, activity, campaign, training, programme, directive or funding/organisational change that involved police in some way to promote community connectedness. Community connectedness was defined as being community consultation, partnership or collaboration with citizens and/or organisational entities. Eligible outcomes included violent extremism, along with radicalisation and disengagement which are considered to be attitudinal and belief‐based components of violent extremism. These outcomes could be measured via self‐report instruments, interviews, observations and/or official data. To be included, studies could utilise individuals, micro‐ or macroplaces as the participants. Finally, studies needed to provide a quantitative impact evaluation that utilised a randomised or quasi‐experimental design with a comparison group that either did not receive the intervention, or that received “b...

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Partners in Crime: An Empirical Evaluation of the CIA Rendition, Detention, and Interrogation Program

Cited by 19 publications

References 32 publications

Breaking the Ban? The Heterogeneous Impact of US Contestation of the Torture Norm

Breaking the Ban? The Heterogeneous Impact of US Contestation of the Torture Norm

Swords into ploughshares? Why human rights abuses persist after resistance campaigns

Police programmes that seek to increase community connectedness for reducing violent extremism behaviour, attitudes and beliefs

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