“…In synthesis, the few extant studies on the pre-adoptive phase portray prospective adoptive parents as resourceful and more secure in their attachment when compared to couples where a child is born to them (Cavanna et al, 2008(Cavanna et al, , 2011Levy-Shiff et al, 1990Santona & Zavattini, 2005;Schechter, 1970). However, other researchers have highlighted, from empirical and theoretical viewpoints, difficulties and relational vulnerabilities of parents in the pre-adoptive phase (Brodzinsky & Huffman, 1988;Caballo et al, 2001;Fontenot, 2007;Levy-Shiff et al, 1991;Priel, Melamed-Hass, Besser, & Kantor, 2000;Santona & Zavattini, 2005). Moreover, it is a common clinical experience for adoptive parents to face challenges related to anger, anxiety, low self-esteem, and the envy of fertile couples conjunctly with the mourning of their own chance to bear children.…”