“…The assumption that seemingly subjectless participial adjuncts do in fact contain a PRO subject is in line with standard generative theory following Chomsky (1981). 47 Empirical evidence for this comes from the presence of anaphors in the adjuncts, which must be bound by a local subject (see also Thure ´n 2008;Brodahl 2016Brodahl , 2018Brodahl , 2020Høyem and Brodahl 2019 As explored in detail by Kortmann (1991) for English and Starke (1996Starke ( , 1999, Brodahl (2016Brodahl ( , 2018 and Høyem and Brodahl (2019) for German, the PRO subject of participial adjuncts can be controlled by a range of different antecedents inside or outside the matrix clause, but the by far most common control relation is subject control. In the corpus of the current study, 86.3% of the English free adjuncts display subject control, while the same is the case for 70.2% of the German free adjuncts.…”