Partitioning of Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) in Serum, Adipose Tissue, Breast Milk, Placenta, Cord Blood, Biliary Fluid, and Feces

Eyster, Janet; Humphrey, Harold E. B.; Kimbrough, Renate D.

doi:10.1080/00039896.1983.10543978

Cited by 71 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…The rate of equilibrium at low levels of contamination between adipose tissue and blood is not fully known. However, a very high correlation between adipose tissue and blood serum for PBB has been shown (17). Also, lactation is a major route for excretion of PBB (Davis MK, Centers for Disease Control, personal communication), but information on breastfeeding was not available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An experimental half-life determined in rats using a multicompartment model that was then extrapolated to humans was reported as 6.5 years (14); the elimination of PBB from rat serum has been shown to be first order (15). A linear relationship between PBB concentrations in adipose tissue and in serum with a ratio of approximately 300:1 has been demonstrated; the different congeners of PBB do not have significantly different partition ratios (16,17).…”

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confidence: 98%

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Half-life of polybrominated biphenyl in human sera.

Rosen

Flanders

Friede

et al. 1995

Environ Health Perspect

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(12).The purpose of this study was to estimate the half-life of PBB in human blood sera in order to contribute to our understanding of how continued body burden relates to the possible adverse health consequences of exposure. We found only one previous report of the half-life of PBB in humans (13). This study gave a median estimate of 12 years with a range of 4.6-94.7 years. This estimate was determined by serum measurements from 15 females and 12 males; the half-life for females and males was similar. An experimental half-life determined in rats using a multicompartment model that was then extrapolated to humans was reported as 6.5 years (14); the elimination of PBB from rat serum has been shown to be first order (15). A linear relationship between PBB concentrations in adipose tissue and in serum with a ratio of approximately 300:1 has been demonstrated; the different congeners of PBB do not have significantly different partition ratios (16,17). MethodsWe used data and participants from the Michigan PBB prospective cohort project, which was started in 1975 and was previously described by Pirkle et al. (18). The Michigan investigators enrolled people in the study if they were residents of farms quarantined because of PBB in milk detected at 300 ppb, in eggs detected at 50 ppb (N = 2148), or if they were recipients of food products from quarantined farms (N = 1421). Participation was over 95%. Subjects answered a questionnaire, provided a blood sample, and were followed over time to contribute new blood samples and answer follow-up questionnaires.Participants from the cohort were eligible for inclusion in our analysis if they: 1) lived on a quarantined farm or consumed food products from such a farm; 2) had at least two PBB level determinations between 1976 and 1982 that were a minimum of 1 year apart; 3) were over 18 years of age at the time of their first PBB level measurement; and 4) had an initial PBB level determination of at least 20 pbb. We included the age requirement because continued growth may affect measured PBB levels and half-life (19,20 Ct represents concentration at later times, and k is the rate of decline (21). After taking logarithms and rearranging, this formula is equivalent to -k = Alog(C)/At, where Alog(C) is the change in the log of PBB measurements and At is the change in time between the measurements. The estimated half-life is then equal to log(2)/X. We estimated k for each individual using simple linear regression of eligible PBB measurements and the times between them. We estimated the half-life using two methods in order to better summarize the data. The first method used the median of the individual x values to estimate the halflife. Confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using distribution-free techniques (22). The second method used the mean of the individual X values. Weighting subjects according to the number of available PBB measurements for sensitivity analysis did not change the results. The SAS system was used for calculations

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Half-life of polybrominated biphenyl in human sera.

Rosen

Flanders

Friede

et al. 1995

Environ Health Perspect

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“…As the lipid content of breast milk is high, around 45 g /l (Diem, 1962) , it is generally believed that the highest degree of newborn exposure to PCBs and other lipophilic xenobiotics is through the ingestion of contaminated breast milk. Eyster and Kimbrough ( 1983 ) showed that mothers exposed to polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs ), which closely mimic the behavior of PCBs, had breast milk concentrations over 100 times the quantity found in maternal serum; however these values are uncorrected for lipid concentration. PCB studies have similarly reported higher concentrations of PCBs in breast milk than in maternal blood Rogan et al, 1986;Koopman -Esseboom et al, 1996 ) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PCB exposure in utero and via breast milk. A review

Dekoning

Karmaus

2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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A review of the literature was conducted to investigate the importance to offspring of in utero and breast milk polychlorinated biphenyl ( PCB ) exposure. All reports that we could identify ( n = 25 ) were included, representing 16 study populations. Tissue -specific PCB concentrations in human placenta, breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood were compared to determine accumulation ratios between tissue compartments. On a lipid basis, the highest concentration of PCB in placenta ( 5027 ng / g fat ) was 2.8 times higher than the highest concentration of PCB in breast milk ( 1770 ng / g fat ) . While there are limitations with regard to quantitation methods and statistical methods utilized by the reviewed studies, our results suggest that PCBs may be capable of crossing the placenta to a greater extent than previously believed. Future studies of PCB body burden in the perinatal period should include placenta, breast milk, maternal and cord blood specimens. In order to compare PCB concentrations in various tissues and with other studies, concentrations should be determined on a lipid basis.

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“…Serum PCB concentrations, as with other lipophilic xenobiotics, are dependent on serum lipid concentrations (Eyster et al 1983; Guo et al 1987). Under certain circumstances an equilibrium is reached, and information regarding serum PCB levels and serum lipid levels may be predictive of PCB body burden (Brown and Lawton 1984).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Collection of fasting samples can hamper the feasibility of epidemiologic research and may adversely impact study participation. Nonfasting samples require further attention to serum lipids (Brown and Lawton 1984; Brown et al 1994; Eyster et al 1983). …”

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confidence: 99%

Lipid Adjustment in the Analysis of Environmental Contaminants and Human Health Risks

Schisterman

Whitcomb

Louis

et al. 2005

Environ Health Perspect

341

252

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The literature on exposure to lipophilic agents such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is conflicting, posing challenges for the interpretation of potential human health risks. Laboratory variation in quantifying PCBs may account for some of the conflicting study results. For example, for quantification purposes, blood is often used as a proxy for adipose tissue, which makes it necessary to model serum lipids when assessing health risks of PCBs. Using a simulation study, we evaluated four statistical models (unadjusted, standardized, adjusted, and two-stage) for the analysis of PCB exposure, serum lipids, and health outcome risk (breast cancer). We applied eight candidate true causal scenarios, depicted by directed acyclic graphs, to illustrate the ramifications of misspecification of underlying assumptions when interpreting results. Statistical models that deviated from underlying causal assumptions generated biased results. Lipid standardization, or the division of serum concentrations by serum lipids, was observed to be highly prone to bias. We conclude that investigators must consider biology, biologic medium (e.g., nonfasting blood samples), laboratory measurement, and other underlying modeling assumptions when devising a statistical plan for assessing health outcomes in relation to environmental exposures.

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Partitioning of Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs) in Serum, Adipose Tissue, Breast Milk, Placenta, Cord Blood, Biliary Fluid, and Feces

Cited by 71 publications

References 10 publications

Half-life of polybrominated biphenyl in human sera.

Half-life of polybrominated biphenyl in human sera.

PCB exposure in utero and via breast milk. A review

Lipid Adjustment in the Analysis of Environmental Contaminants and Human Health Risks

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