Particulate emissions from a highly boosted gasoline direct injection engine

Leach, Felix; Stone, Richard; Richardson, Dave; Lewis, Andrew; Turner, J. W. G.; Remmert, Sarah; Campbell, Steven; Cracknell, Roger

doi:10.1177/1468087417710583

Cited by 42 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…EGR, if it is not cooled, will have a similar effect for similar reasons, however cooled external EGR is becoming more common in GDI engines today, and the effect of EGR on inlet air temperature is not present with this type of EGR. Therefore the effect of cooled, external EGR can be to increase particulate emissions as EGR reduces exhaust temperatures, reducing post-flame oxidation, other studies have found a modest decrease with EGR, attributed to lower combustion temperatures, and a reduction in mixture enrichment at high load [94][95][96].…”

Section: Egr and Inlet Air Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such engines will not have inherent differences in their PM emissions, and such emissions have not been significantly studied in detail at the time of writing. The studies that have been undertaken report that there is a bias towards smaller particle sizes in the PN emissions from these engines (possibly due to their higher in-cylinder pressures), and that certain parameters important in boosted engines, such as exhaust back pressure, serve to reduce PN emissions [96,113,114].…”

Section: Boosted Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

et al. 2018

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Particulate Matter (PM) emissions from gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines, particularly Particle Number (PN) emissions, have been studied intensively in both academia and industry because of the adverse effects of ultrafine PM emissions on human health and other environmental concerns. GDI engines are known to emit a higher number of PN emissions (on an engine-out basis) than Port Fuel Injection (PFI) engines, due to the reduced mixture homogeneity in GDI engines. Euro 6 emission standards have been introduced in Europe (and similarly in China) to limit PN emissions from GDI engines. This article summarises the current state of research in GDI PN emissions (engine-out) including a discussion of PN formation, and the characteristics of PN emissions from GDI engines. The effect of key GDI engine operating parameters is analysed, including air-fuel ratio, ignition and injection timing, injection pressure, and EGR; in addition the effect of fuel composition on particulate emissions is explored, including the effect of oxygenate components such as ethanol.

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Section: Egr and Inlet Air Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Boosted Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

et al. 2018

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“…In addition, all gases and particularly those retained inside the cylinder at IVC are considered ideal. Thus, the system can be expressed through Equation (12). Instantaneous volume at IVC (V IVC ) has been indirectly calculated through the crank slider with pin offset equation, using nominal crank position (angle).…”

Section: = (6)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of air management strategies on particulate number and size distributions from a 2-stroke compression-ignition engine operating with gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion concept

Bermúdez

Ruíz

Novella

et al. 2018

International Journal of Engine Research

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Bermúdez, V.; Ruiz, S.; Novella Rosa, R.; Soto-Izquierdo, L. (2018). Assessment of air management strategies on particulate number and size distributions from a 2-stroke compression-ignition engine operating with gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion concept. AbstractThe newly designed Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) concept has demonstrated its potential to reduce NOx and particulate matter (PM) emissions combined with highly indicated efficiencies. However, it is highly dependent of the ignition characteristics of the fuel and the air/fuel mixture preparation. Therefore, the proper selection of an injection strategy, of the combustion chamber design and of the air management strategy are critical to ensuring successful PPC operation in the full engine map. The objective of the present investigation consists of evaluating the use of multiple air management strategies over the air/fuel effective equivalence ratio (ɸ eff ) and cylinder charge reactivity and its consequent impact on particle number (PN) emissions and particle size distribution. Tests were carried out in a newly designed 2-stroke HSDI CI engine operating with PPC concept using 95 Research Octane Number (RON) gasoline fuel. A Scanning Particle Sizer (SMPS) was used to measure the size distribution of engine-exhaust particles in the range from 6.3 to 237 nm. Three different steady-state operation modes in terms of indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) and engine speed were investigated. The experiments showed an increase in PN emissions and a progressive shift in the particles size towards larger sizes, increasing the accumulation-mode particles and reducing the nucleation-mode particles with the decreasing of the differential pressure between intake and exhaust (ΔP) and the valve overlap (OLAP) period. Finally, the particle formation process was limited by the increase in the EGR rate.

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“…Nevertheless the size distribution in gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines may be wide due to higher concentration of volatiles in the fuel. Proportion of sub-23nm particulates reported in the literature is up to 40% 6,7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental assessment of the sources of regulated and unregulated nanoparticles in gasoline direct-injection engines

Bardi

Pilla

Gautrot

2018

International Journal of Engine Research

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This work investigates nanoparticles formation process in light-duty GDI engines operated in homogeneous combustion. The analysis specifically focuses on the contribution of particles in the range of 10-23nm, which are expected to be taken into account in future emission regulations. Experiments were carried out on a single cylinder 0.4l displacement GDI optical engine. Exhaust gases were analysed by means of a commercial device (DMS500) to obtain a quantitative measurement of the particulates number and size. Optical diagnostics (broadband color imaging and liquid phase LIF) were employed to correlate the exhaust measurements to the in-cylinder physical phenomena. The main leverages to control soot particulates formation were investigated. The engine temperature was found to have a significant impact during the entire warm-up phase on the global particulates number (PN) and also on the relative contribution of the 10-23nm range to the total PN. Injection phasing has also a primary role in the formation of particulates in the small range of the spectrum when operating in mild stratified combustion mode. On the other hand, an increased in-cylinder aerodynamic (e.g. combined swirl-tumble motion) has a positive impact in reducing global particulates number but also causes an increase of the 10-23nm relative contribution. Optical diagnostics helped establishing a relationship between the detection of liquid film, the consequent pool fires and the exhaust gas measurements. The evaporation of the liquid film detected on the injector nozzle and the intake valve right after the injection appears to be decisive for the formation of nanoparticles in pool fire mode. The experimental results indicate that when pool fires were detected the PN increased drastically in the whole range of the spectrum including the 10-23nm range. Authors relate this effect to in-homogeneities in the fuel mixing field induced by the evaporation of the liquid film.

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Particulate emissions from a highly boosted gasoline direct injection engine

Cited by 42 publications

References 31 publications

A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

A Review of Particulate Number (PN) Emissions from Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Engines and Their Control Techniques

Assessment of air management strategies on particulate number and size distributions from a 2-stroke compression-ignition engine operating with gasoline Partially Premixed Combustion concept

Experimental assessment of the sources of regulated and unregulated nanoparticles in gasoline direct-injection engines

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