Particles in Volcanic Fume

Cadle, R. D.; Wartburg, A. F.; Frank, Evelyn R.; Lodge, James P.

doi:10.1038/213581a0

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…These nuclei plus satellites were almost certainly sulfuric acid droplets that partly evaporated in the electron beam. The resulting appearance seems to constitute a specific test for sulfuric acid [Frank and Lodge, 1967]. Furthermore, this conclusion is substantiated by the hygroscopic nature of the droplets observed with the optical microscope and the positive chemical test for sulfate mentioned above.…”

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confidence: 62%

Particles in the fume from the 1967 Kilauea eruption

Cadle¹,

Frank²

1968

J. Geophys. Res.

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Little has been known about the nature of the particles in the fume that accompanies volcanic eruptions of the Hawaiian and Icelandic types, although at times in the earth's history tremendous amounts of such particles must have been emitted into the atmosphere. The fume from I-Ialemaumau crater of Kilauea volcano was sampled in 1965 and 1966 during the absence of an eruption [Cadle et al., 1967; Cadle, 1967; Cadle et al., 1968]. The particles consisted largely of dilute sulfuric acid droplets containing ammonium ions. The 1967 eruption of Halemaumau crater (Figure 1) provided an opportunity to sample and identify particles in the actual eruption fume. Samples were collected from various points about the crater's edge (including the place where Figure 1 was taken) on November 14 and 15 using a Unico multistage impactor operated with a Gelman battery-driven pump. The impactor was modified slightly to permit impaction into both microscope slides, and electron microscope grids mounted on such slides and covered with a film of silicon monoxide.Almost all the particles were collected on the last stage of the impactor, indicating that the diameters were less than about 5/•. Examination of the samples with an optical microscope showed that the particles were largely hygroscopic, water-miscible droplets, plus a few mainly acicular, solid particles. At least two, and possibly more, types of acicular particles were present. Some were water-soluble and optically isotropic, and others were optically anisotropic. Refractive indices of some were measured using a series of immersion liquids of different refractive indices. These particles had a refractive index of about 1.524 and were probably CaSO, ß 2I-I20. Other acicular material was soluble in the Cargille immersion liquids and was probably sulfur. Tests with Nessler's reagent and with an aqueous solution of barium chloride showed the presence of ammonium and sulfate ions, respectively, in the gross collected material.

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confidence: 62%

Particles in the fume from the 1967 Kilauea eruption

Cadle¹,

Frank²

1968

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…During the last few years, scientists here at the National Center for Atmospheric Research have been determining the physical and chemical nature of the particles in volcanic eruption clouds [Cadle and Frank, 1968;Cadle et al, 1967Cadle et al, , 1969Cadle et al, , 1973Cadle and Blifford, 1971 ] and also the nature and concentrations of particles and trace gases in the stratosphere [Cadle, 1972;Lazrus et al, 1971Lazrus et al, , 1972Lazrus and Gandrud, 1974]. Furthermore, an estimate was made of the annual quantities of sulfur compounds emitted to the atmosphere by volcanoes [Kellogg et al, 1972].…”

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confidence: 99%

Volcanic emissions of halides and sulfur compounds to the troposphere and stratosphere

Cadle¹

1975

J. Geophys. Res.

102

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Estimates have been made of the annual emissions of HC1, HF, and SO2 to the troposphere and stratosphere from volcanic eruptions. The estimated annual emission rates to the troposphere are 7.5 X 105, 3.8 X 104, and 7.5 X 106 metric tons, respectively, and those to the stratosphere are 2.8 x 104, 1.4 x 10 a, and 2.8 X 105, respectively. The results demonstrate that anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons have the potential to play a much greater role in stratoSpheric chemistry than the halides from volcanic eruptions do except possibly for short periods following very intense volcanic activity.

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“…Sulfate particles reacted with the reagents and were clearly defined as white to pale yellow circles in a red background. Volcanic fume particles were collected on glass slides with a "Unico" multistage impactor by Cadle et al 46 Sulfate ions were identified by their reaction with barium chloride solution under optical microscope examination.…”

Section: Periodic Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%