Particle Size Distribution and Physicochemical Properties of Pellets Made of Straw, Hay, and Their Blends

Lisowski, A.; Matkowski, Patryk; Dąbrowska, Magdalena; Piątek, Michał; Świętochowski, Adam; Klonowski, J.; Mieszkalski, L.; Reshetiuk, Volodymyr

doi:10.1007/s12649-018-0458-8

Cited by 40 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Wang et al [89] reported an increase only in mechanical characteristics by mixing wheat and rice straw, while the LHV did not improve substantially. Similar results were presented by Lisowski et al [90] in relation to hay and straw mixing-a mechanical improvement without positive effects on LHV.…”

Section: Effects Of Blending and Binders On Pellet Qualitysupporting

confidence: 90%

Pellet Production from Woody and Non-Woody Feedstocks: A Review on Biomass Quality Evaluation

Picchio

Latterini²,

Venanzi

et al. 2020

Energies

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Forest and agricultural biomass are important sources of renewable and sustainable fuel for energy production. Their increasing consumption is mainly related to the increase in global energy demand and fossil fuel prices but also to the limited availability of petroleum and the lower environmental impact of these biomass compared with other non-renewable fuels. In particular, the pellet sector has seen important developments in terms of both production and the number of installed transformation plants. In addition, pellet production from non-woody biomass is increasing in importance. One of the fundamental aspects for the correct and sustainable use of a biofuel is evaluation of its quality. This is even more important when dealing with pellet production, considering the broad spectrum of possible raw materials for pelletizing. Considering the significant number of papers dealing with pellet quality evaluation and improvement in the last decade, this review aims to give the reader an overall view of the most current knowledge about this large and interesting topic. We focused on pellets of agricultural and forestry origin and analyzed papers regarding the specific topic of pellet quality evaluation and improvement from the last five years (2016–2020). In particular, the review findings are presented in the following order: the influence of different agro-forest management systems on pellet quality; analysis of pellets from pure feedstocks (no blending or binders); the influence of blending and binders on pellet quality; and the influence of pre and post treatments. Finally, a brief discussion about actual research lacks in this topic and the possibilities for future research are presented. It is important to underline that the present review is focused on the influence of the biomass characteristics on pellet quality. The effects of the process parameters (die temperature, applied pressure, holding time) on pellet features are not considered in this review, because that is another very large topic deserving a dedicated paper.

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Section: Effects Of Blending and Binders On Pellet Qualitysupporting

confidence: 90%

Pellet Production from Woody and Non-Woody Feedstocks: A Review on Biomass Quality Evaluation

Picchio

Latterini²,

Venanzi

et al. 2020

Energies

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“…The high density of the agglomerate could be related to the high specific density of the raw material. Our experience indicates that walnut shells with high specific density, the milled particles of which were characterised by high sphericity, had poor bonds and the pellets were characterised by low strength [ 33 ] compared to the pellets made of fibrous biomass with low specific density, yet more durable bindings [ 20 ]. Therefore, in the next section, the strength parameters of pellets subjected to compressive load are analysed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The proportion of fine particles in the mixture should not exceed 10–20%, as the quality of the feed pellets decreases and the fine particles increase the friction against the die [ 19 ] if this amount is exceeded. The addition of hay to straw with longer particles increased the homogeneity of the blend and pellet strength [ 20 ], as the longer and wider straw particles wrap the small particles and form a “solid bridge” [ 21 ]. The compaction pressure and particle size significantly influence the density of the logging residues [ 22 ], corn, and switchgrass barley straw pellets; however, the different particle sizes of the WS did not have a significant influence on the pellet density [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Fraction Particle Size of Pure Straw and Blends of Straw with Calcium Carbonate or Cassava Starch on Pelletising Process and Pellet

et al. 2020

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The aim of this study was to investigate the pressure agglomeration process of wheat straw (WS) and the blends of WS with calcium carbonate (CC) or cassava straw (CS) with a ratio of 6% wt./wt. from seven separate fractions with sizes in the range of 0.21–2.81 mm. The agglomeration was performed at a moisture of 30% wb and a material temperature of 78 °C, with a dose of 0.1 g, in a die of diameter 8 mm and height 80 mm. The effects of the process were evaluated based on the compaction parameters and the pellets’ density, tensile strength, and water absorption. The incorporation of additives into the WS improved the pellet process and quality. Refined results were achieved after adding CC, as compared to those achieved after adding CS, and the preferred particle size was in the range of 1.00–1.94 mm. This was because, under the given conditions, the back pressure in the die chamber significantly increased, allowing the achievement of a single pellet density of 800 kg·m−3. The pellets were resistant to compressive loads and cracked only at tensile strength of 6 MPa and a specific compression work of 6.5 mJ·mm−2. The addition of CC to the WS improved the strength of the adhesive and the cohesive bonds between the particles. The water absorption for the uncrushed pellets was considerably less than that for crushed pellets, which results in the safer storage of uncrushed pellets and excellent moisture absorption of crushed pellets. The addition of CC to the WS offers benefits in the form of pellet strength with a high water absorption capability. Notably, a study of crushed pellet litter under broiler rearing conditions and an analysis of the operational costs of using WS additives are required for implementing this study.

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“…Austrian and German Standards, 4-10 mm; Swedish standard, <25 mm; Italian Standard, 6-10 mm (depending on pellet category) while the recently developed European (EN ISO 17225-2) and International (ISO 17225-6) Standards, 6-12 mm and 6-25 mm, respectively [15]. Densi ed biomass in pellet form provides numerous advantages, among others, improved solid fuel properties, better combustion e ciency, ease of handling, storage and logistic [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and Characterization of Low-ash Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) Pellets as a Solid Biofuel

Nasrin

Loh

Sukiran

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Fuel quality is among the major issues encountered for commercial production and utilisation of oil palm-based biomass pellets from empty fruit bunches (EFB). In this study, a physical treatment, namely sieving and water washing, was applied to EFB prior to densification using an industrial-scale plant. The physiochemical properties of the produced EFB pellets were compared with those without physical treatment as the control. The results showed that the physical treatment process had significantly enhanced the fuel properties of EFB pellets, particularly in reducing ash content. Both the treatments; sieving alone and a combined sieving and water washing of the feedstock managed to reduce the ash content of EFB pellets to < 4 wt.% and < 2 wt.%, respectively compared to > 5 wt.% of typical commercial EFB pellets. The reduction in ash content improved the calorific value of pellets to > 17.5 MJ kg-1 which signified achieving a milestone for oil palm biomass-based heat and power generation from technical, operational, economic and environmental points of view. The findings also indicated that the combined sieving and water washing treatment method could potentially reduce further the unwanted ash-inducing elementals in EFB pellets, in particular chlorine and potassium. This study demonstrated that the employed physical treatment is an immediate and cost-effective practical commercial approach to improve the fuel properties of EFB pellets.

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Particle Size Distribution and Physicochemical Properties of Pellets Made of Straw, Hay, and Their Blends

Cited by 40 publications

References 43 publications

Pellet Production from Woody and Non-Woody Feedstocks: A Review on Biomass Quality Evaluation

Pellet Production from Woody and Non-Woody Feedstocks: A Review on Biomass Quality Evaluation

Influence of Fraction Particle Size of Pure Straw and Blends of Straw with Calcium Carbonate or Cassava Starch on Pelletising Process and Pellet

Production and Characterization of Low-ash Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) Pellets as a Solid Biofuel

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