Particle measurement programme (PMP) light-duty inter-laboratory exercise: comparison of different particle number measurement systems

Giechaskiel, Barouch; Dilara, Panagiota; Emma, Sandbach; Andersson, Jon

doi:10.1088/0957-0233/19/9/095401

Cited by 91 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Further details of the testing approach and apparatus are described by Crayford et al (2012). This study focused on characterizing solid particulate matter and therefore all measurements and sampling were taken downstream of a catalytic stripper (CS) or volatile particle remover (VPR; Khalek and Kittelson 1995;Giechaskiel et al 2008Giechaskiel et al , 2010Swanson and Kittelson 2010).…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Emission Characteristics of a Gas Turbine with a Double Annular Combustor

Boies

Stettler

Swanson

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The total climate, air quality, and health impact of aircraft black carbon (BC) emissions depend on quantity (mass and number concentration) as well as morphology (fractal dimension and surface area) of emitted BC aggregates. This study examines multiple BC emission metrics from a gas turbine with a double annular combustor, CFM56-5B4-2P. As a part of the SAMPLE III.2 campaign, concurrent measurements of particle mobility, particle mass, particle number concentration, and mass concentration, as well as collection of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples, allowed for characterization of the BC emissions. Mass-and number-based emission indices were strongly influenced by thrust setting during pilot combustion and ranged from <1 to 208 mg/kg-fuel and 3 £ £ 10 12 to 3 £ £ 10 16 particles/kg-fuel, respectively. Mobility measurements indicated that mean diameters ranged from 7 to 44 nm with a strong dependence on thrust during pilot-only combustion. Using aggregation and sintering theory with empirical effective density relationships, a power-law relationship between primary particle diameter and mobility diameter is presented. Mean primary particle diameter ranged from 6 to 19 nm; however, laserinduced incandescence (LII) and mass-mobility-calculated primary particle diameters demonstrated opposite trends with thrust setting. Similarly, mass-mobility-calculated aggregate mass specific surface area and LII-measured surface area were not in agreement, indicating both methods need further development and validation before use as quantitative indicators of primary particle diameter and mass-specific surface area.

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Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Emission Characteristics of a Gas Turbine with a Double Annular Combustor

Boies

Stettler

Swanson

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…Downstream of the thermal pre-treatment system, a Condensation Particle Counter (CPC; TSI 3790) with 50% counting efficiency at 23 nm (d 50% = 23 nm) was connected. The application of hot dilution and the evaporation tube with a CPC of d 50% = 23 nm follows the protocol defined in the Particle Measurement Program (PMP) and is used accordingly for regulatory SPN measurements (Giechaskiel et al, 2008b). We will refer to this system as PMP-CVS.…”

Section: Spn Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicle Emission Factors of Solid Nanoparticles in the Laboratory and on the Road Using Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)

Giechaskiel

Riccobono

Vlachos

et al. 2015

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Emission inventories are used to quantify sources and identify trends in the emissions of air pollutants. They use vehicle-specific emission factors that are typically determined in the laboratory, through remote-sensing, vehicle chasing experiments and, more recently, on-board measurements with Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS). Although PEMS is widely applied to measure gaseous pollutants, their application to Solid Particle Number (SPN) emissions is new. In this paper, we discuss the current status of determining SPN emission factors both on the chassis dynamometer in the laboratory and on the road using PEMS-SPN. First, we determine through dedicated tests in the laboratory the influence of the measurement equipment, ambient temperature, driving style, and cycle characteristics, and the extra mass of the PEMS equipment on the SPN emissions of vehicles. Afterward, we present the SPN emissions under type-approval conditions as well as on the road of two heavy-duty diesel vehicles equipped with Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF; one of them Euro VI), two light-duty diesel vehicles equipped with DPF, one light-duty vehicle equipped with a Port Fuel Injection engine (PFI), and seven Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) passenger cars (two of them Euro 6). We find that cold-start and strong accelerations tend to substantially increase SPN emissions. The two heavy-duty vehicles showed on-road emissions around 2 10 13 × p/km (Euro V truck) and 6 × 10 10 p/km (Euro VI truck), respectively. One of the DPF-equipped light-duty vehicles showed emissions of 8 × 10 11 p/km, while the other one had one order of magnitude lower emissions. The PFI car had SPN emissions slightly higher than 1 × 10 12 p/km. The on-road emissions of GDI passenger cars spanned approximately from 8 1 × 10 1 p/km to 8 × 10 12 p/km. For the cars not equipped with a DPF, the on-road SPN emissions remained within a factor of two of the laboratory results. This factor was on average around 0.8 for the Euro 6 and 1.6 for the Euro 5 GDIs. The DPF equipped vehicles showed a difference of almost one order of magnitude between laboratory and on-road tests due to the different DPF fill state and passive regeneration during the tests. The findings of this study can (i) help improving the inventories on SPN emissions and (ii) assist policy makers in designing effective test procedures for measuring the SPN emissions of vehicles under real-world driving conditions.

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“…For the complex mixture of particles and gases present in engine exhaust, the thermogram helps to define the nature of the particles as a function of engine conditions and fuel type. Although PMP/VPR systems (Khalek, 2007;Giechaskiel et al, 2008;Matthias et al, 2012) provide a practical means for measuring nonvolatile particles by removing all volatiles or condensables at 350°C, the protocol does not provide a means to characterize volatile engine particles. However, this can be achieved by a thermogram generated using the VPS.…”

Section: Characterization Of Volatile Engine Particles With a Thermogrammentioning

confidence: 99%

Classification of Volatile Engine Particles

Cheng

2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Volatile particles cannot be detected at the engine exhaust by an aerosol detector, as they are formed when the exhaust is mixed downstream with the ambient air. The lack of a precise definition of volatile engine particles has been an impediment to engine manufacturers and regulatory agencies involved in the development of effective control strategies. Volatile particles from combustion sources contribute to the atmospheric particulate burden, and this is a critical issue in ongoing research in the areas of air quality and climate change. A new instrument, called a volatile particle separator (VPS), is developed in this work. It utilizes a proprietary microporous metallic membrane to separate particles from vapors. VPS data are used in the development of a two-parameter function to quantitatively classify, for the first time, the volatilization behavior of engine particles. The value of parameter "A" describes the volatilization potential of an aerosol. A nonvolatile particle has a larger A-value than a volatile one. The value of parameter "k," an effective evaporation energy barrier, is found to be much smaller for small engine particles than for large engine ones. The VPS instrument is not simply a volatile particle remover, as it makes possible the characterization of volatile engine particles in numerical terms.

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Particle measurement programme (PMP) light-duty inter-laboratory exercise: comparison of different particle number measurement systems

Cited by 91 publications

References 21 publications

Particle Emission Characteristics of a Gas Turbine with a Double Annular Combustor

Particle Emission Characteristics of a Gas Turbine with a Double Annular Combustor

Vehicle Emission Factors of Solid Nanoparticles in the Laboratory and on the Road Using Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS)

Classification of Volatile Engine Particles

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