Particle Growth of Hybrid Materials Followed by Dynamic Light Scattering

Abstract

The hydrolysis of distannylated compounds in which the tin atoms are linked by an organic spacer has been studied under microemulsion conditions using dynamic light scattering and infrared spectroscopy. The experiments provided evidence that the growth of hybrid material particles occurs in the aqueous phase, outside the organic phase of the microemulsion. The growth rates of the particles were found to be strongly dependent on the nature of the spacers, a polymethylene chain inducing the fastest process. This different behavior was explained by a slower condensation process rather than a slower hydrolysis. The high surface areas measured for the hybrid materials could be explained by a possible coating of the hybrid particles by surfactant molecules, thus preventing either their growth or their aggregation.

Design, Synthesis, and Properties of Inorganic and Hybrid Thin Films Having Periodically Organized Nanoporosity

“…Bridged precursors of silsesquioxanes X 3 Si-R′-SiX 3 or more recently bridged stananes X 3 Sn-R′-SnX 3 (R′ is an organic spacer, X = Cl, Br, −OR) have opened a plethora of new possibilities for the controlled design of hybrid POMMs (path A-3). ,– Indeed, under surfactant directed assembly conditions, their condensation (path A-3) or co-condensation with metal alkoxides or organically modified alkoxysilanes (path A-3 with association of molecular precursors of path A-1 or A-2) allows the selective placement of different organic functionalities inside the pores, walls, or both via a convenient one pot synthesis.…”

α,ω-Bis(trialkynyltin) Compounds with a Linear or Cross-Shaped Spacer

“…Compounds 16 − 22 were subsequently hydrolyzed in THF, yielding transparent or opaque gels, depending on the hydrolysis conditions, which were then thermolyzed, forming high surface area mesoporous tin oxide …”

A discrete unsymmetrically substituted dihydrodioxadistannetane with both η1 and intramolecular η2μ2 sulfonate bondings

“…1,3-Dihydro-1,3-dioxa-2,4-distannetanes are usually prepared in two different ways, either by hydrolysis of tin halides or by condensation between a tin oxide or hydroxide and an acid, often under Dean-Stark conditions. During the course of our studies concerning the hydrolysis of organotrialkynyltins [21][22][23][24][25] and bridged organohexaalkynylditins [26][27][28][29] we showed that the use of a bulky substituent on the tin, such as the 2,4,6-trii-propylphenyl group, could allow the isolation of clusters of monoorganotin oxides-hydroxides of various sizes and shapes. When hydrolysis was conducted in the presence of an aromatic sulfonic acid, cationic polysulfonates with three or ten tin atoms and two types of sulfonate bondings, an electrostatic and a bridging one, were isolated [22].…”