Particle capture in the musselMytilus edulis: The role of latero-frontal cirri

Riisgård, Hans Ulrik; Larsen, Poul Scheel; Nielsen, Niels Finderup

doi:10.1007/bf00942111

Cited by 46 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Silverman et al 1999), or by the water currents they generate as they beat against the current through an angle of 90°. Particles > 4 µm are stopped and transferred to the frontal side, whereas smaller particles either follow the flow around the cirri or they are stopped by the cirri's branching cilia (Dral 1967, Moore 1971, Owen 1974, Jørgensen 1975b, 1996, Owen & McCrae 1976, Silvester & Sleigh 1984, Riisgård 1988, Beninger et al 1992, Nielsen et al 1993, Riisgård et al 1996, Silverman et al 1999. Although a mechanism based on a low particle-approach angle and direct interception at gill filaments has been proposed (Ward 1996, Ward et al 1998, this does not appear consistent with the principles of fluid dyamics (Beninger 2000, Silverman et al 2000.…”

Section: Cirri Trappingmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Although a mechanism based on a low particle-approach angle and direct interception at gill filaments has been proposed (Ward 1996, Ward et al 1998, this does not appear consistent with the principles of fluid dyamics (Beninger 2000, Silverman et al 2000. Based on estimates of pressure drop for flow through a laterofrontal-cirri screen (modeled as parallel cylinders of diameter 0.06 µm and spacing 1.3 µm) and creeping flow calculations, Riisgård et al (1996) found it plausible that during normal beating Larsen & Riisgård (1994) of the laterofrontal cirri the through-current passes mainly around the laterofrontal cirri in an oscillatory, unsteady, 3-dimensional pattern and that only a little flow may leak through the branching cilia. In mussels and other bivalves with compound laterofrontal cirri, particles > 4 µm are retained with 100% efficiency by the gills (Vahl 1973, Møhlenberg & Riisgård 1978, Jørgensen et al 1984, Riisgård 1988.…”

Section: Cirri Trappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 to 5). Riisgård et al (1996) report that food particles carried with the through-current are stopped for a while at the entrance to the interfilament gap. Then the path is reversed 180°and the particles are transferred to the frontal side of the gill filament to be transported towards the marginal food groove by frontal cilia.…”

Section: Cirri Trappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…compound cilia, hairy appendages) can usually be treated as small screens or paddles with only small leakiness (Cheer & Koehl 1987, Koehl 1995 hence most fluid is diverted around the structure. An approaching particle may be stopped if near the stagnation streamline, and then move with the structure, or more likely it may be diverted around the structure along with a certain fluid volume ('fluid parcel') (Mayer 1994, Riisgård et al 1996. Direct contact would be expected for very leaky structures that are large compared to the particle.…”

Section: Details Of the Capture Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Particle capture mechanisms in suspension-feeding invertebrates

Riisgård¹,

Larsen²

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

205

179

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A large number of suspension-feeding aquatic animals (e.g. bivalves, polychaetes, ascidians, bryozoans, crustaceans, sponges, echinoderms, cnidarians) have specialized in grazing on not only the 2 to 200 µm phytoplankton but frequently also the 0.5 to 2 µm free-living bacteria, or they have specialized in capturing larger prey, e.g. zooplankton organisms. We review the different particle capture mechanisms in order to illustrate the many solutions to the common problem of obtaining nourishment from a dilute suspension of microscopic food particles. Despite the many differences in morphology and living conditions, particle capture mechanisms may be divided into 2 main types. (1) Filtering or sieving (e.g. through mucus nets, stiff cilia, filter setae), which is found in passive suspension feeders that rely on external currents to bring suspended particles to the filter, and in active suspension feeders that themselves produce a feeding flow by a variety of pump systems. Here the inventiveness of nature does not lie in the capture mechanism but in the type of pump system and filter pore-size. (2) A paddle-like flow manipulating system (e.g. cilia, cirri, tentacles, hair-bearing appendages) that acts to redirect an approaching suspended particle, often along with a surrounding 'fluid parcel', to a strategic location for arrest or further transport. Examples include (1) sieving (e.g. by microvilli in sponge choanocytes, mucus nets in polychaetes, acidians, and salps among others), filter setae in crustaceans, 'ciliary sieving' by stiff laterofrontal cilia in bryozoans and phoronids; and (2) 'cirri trapping' in mussels and other bivalves with eu-laterofrontal cirri, ciliary 'catch-up' in bivalve and gastropod veliger larvae, some polychaetes, entroprocts, and cycliophores. These capture mechanisms may involve contact with a particle, and possibly mechanoreception or chemoreception, or may include redirection of particles by the interaction of multiple currents (e.g. in scallops and other bivalves without eu-laterofrontal cirri). Based on the review, we discuss the current physical and biological understanding of the capture process and suggest a number of specific problems related to particle capture, which may be solved in the future using advanced theoretical, computational and experimental techniques.

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Section: Cirri Trappingmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Cirri Trappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cirri Trappingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Details Of the Capture Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Particle capture mechanisms in suspension-feeding invertebrates

Riisgård¹,

Larsen²

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

205

179

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“…Cirri trapping has been disclosed in recent years as the basic particle capture mechanism in the autobranch bivalve Mytilus: transfer of particles in the current created by the lateral cilia are stopped and transferred to the frontal side of the gill filament by the laterofrontal cirri (Nielsen et al 1993, Riisgård et al 1996, Silverman et al 1996a,b, 2000, Riisgård & Larsen 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Downstream collecting in ciliary suspension feeders: the catch-up principle

Riisgård¹,

Nielsen²,

Larsen³

2000

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Based on observations of feeding structures and currents in the polychaete Spirorbis tridentatus, the entoproct Loxosoma pectinaricola and the cycliophore Symbion pandora, which all possess compound cilia, it is hypothesized that their capture mechanism is based on the catch-up principle. According to this principle, the compound cilia constitute the pump which generates a flow with suspended particles that enters the ciliary region. In this region the same cilia, during their power stroke, catch up with suspended particles and transfer the particles to a food groove, or a mouth cavity. In the particle-size retention spectrum, the lower limit depends on spacing between cilia in phase, while the upper end depends on cilia length which may or may not allow particles to enter the ciliary region. On the basis of fluid mechanical considerations and literature descriptions of structure and function of the ciliary bands of some rotifers and of the various types of trochophora larvae of annelids, molluscs and entoprocts, it is hypothesized that the feeding mechanisms of these organisms are based on the catch-up principle.

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