Particle and organic vapor emissions from children’s 3-D pen and 3-D printer toys

Yi, Jinghai; Duling, Matthew G.; Bowers, Lauren; Knepp, Alycia K.; LeBouf, Ryan F.; Nurkiewicz, Timothy R.; Ranpara, Anand; Luxton, Todd P.; Martin, Stephen B.; Burns, Dru A.; Peloquin, Derek M.; Baumann, Eric J.; Virji, M. Abbas; Stefaniak, Aleksandr B.

doi:10.1080/08958378.2019.1705441

Cited by 24 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Some measured at the highest concentration 12 , 13 and some reported the sizes for the whole printing process 5 , 9 . The only study of 3D pens available so far reports particles up to 60.4 nm for PLA and up to 173.8 nm for ABS 26 , which is similar to the findings here.…”

Section: Particle Number Concentrationsupporting

confidence: 89%

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3D Printing - Evaluating Particle Emissions of a 3D Printing Pen

Sigloch

Bierkandt

Singh

et al. 2020

JoVE

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Three-dimensional (3D) printing as a type of additive manufacturing shows continuing increase in application and consumer popularity. The fused filament fabrication (FFF) is an inexpensive method used most frequently by consumers. Studies with 3D printers have shown that during the printing process particulate and volatile substances are released. Handheld 3D printing pens also use the FFF method but the consumer's proximity to the 3D pens gives reason to higher exposure compared to a 3D printer. At the same time, 3D printing pens are often marketed for children who could be more sensitive to the printing emission. The aim of this study was to implement a low cost method to analyze the emissions of 3D printing pens. Polylactide (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments of different colors were tested. In addition, filaments containing metal and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were analyzed. An 18.5 L chamber and sampling close to the emission source was used to characterize emissions and concentrations near the breathing zone of the user. Particle emissions and particle size distributions were measured and the potential release of metal particles and CNTs investigated. Particle number concentrations were found in a range of 10 5-10 6 particles/cm 3 , which is comparable to previous reports from 3D printers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed nanoparticles of the different thermoplastic materials as well as of metal particles and CNTs. High contents of metal were observed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). These results call for a cautious use of 3D pens due to potential risk to the consumers.

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Section: Particle Number Concentrationsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…3D pens use the same FFF method as 3D printers, but so far only one study examining 3D pens has been published 26…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing - Evaluating Particle Emissions of a 3D Printing Pen

Sigloch

Bierkandt

Singh

et al. 2020

JoVE

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“…Inhalation of fumes and organic particles containing metals is possible even when using 3D printing toys intended for children. Such toys should not be used in rooms with poor ventilation and/or placed near a child’s breathing zone [ 51 ]. In vitro cell studies and in vivo exposure in mice have shown toxic reactions induced by both PLA- and ABS-emitting particles (higher reaction levels) [ 52 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Process Using Neural Networks for Sustainable Development

et al. 2021

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Technological and material issues in 3D printing technologies should take into account sustainable development, use of materials, energy, emitted particles, and waste. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether the sustainability of 3D printing processes can be supported by computational intelligence (CI) and artificial intelligence (AI) based solutions. We present a new AI-based software to evaluate the amount of pollution generated by 3D printing systems. We input the values: printing technology, material, print weight, etc., and the expected results (risk assessment) and determine if and what precautions should be taken. The study uses a self-learning program that will improve as more data are entered. This program does not replace but complements previously used 3D printing metrics and software.

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“…A number of studies have addressed the hazardous substances emitted during 3D printing, but most have focused on exposure‐associated indices, such as airborne concentration and emission rate. A few studies have reported about respiratory deposition of particle emissions released during 3D printing to date, 22‐27 but it is necessary to evaluate the inhalation exposure levels focusing on the particle emission level and size distributions in detail. Some studies provided proportional deposition in each respiratory region using a multi‐path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A few studies have reported about respiratory deposition of particle emissions released during 3D printing to date, [22][23][24][25][26][27] but it is necessary to evaluate the inhalation exposure levels focusing on the particle emission level and size distributions in detail. Some studies provided proportional deposition in each respiratory region using a multipath particle dosimetry (MPPD) model.…”

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confidence: 99%

Estimates of particulate matter inhalation doses during three‐dimensional printing

Park

Kwon²,

Yoon

et al. 2020

Indoor Air

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Harmful emissions including particulates, volatile organic compounds, and aldehydes are generated during three‐dimensional (3D) printing. Ultrafine particles are particularly important due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lung. We modeled inhalation exposure by particle size during 3D printing. A total of six thermoplastic filaments were used for printing under manufacturer's recommended conditions, and particle emissions in the size range between 10 nm and 10 μm were measured. The inhalation exposure dose including inhaled and deposited doses was estimated using a mathematical model. For all materials, the number of particles between 10 nm and 1 μm accounted for a large proportion among the released particles, with nano‐sized particles being the dominant size. More than 1.3 × 109 nano‐sized particles/kgbw/g (95.3 ± 104.0 ng/kgbw/g) could be inhaled, and a considerable amount was deposited in respiratory regions. The total deposited dose in terms of particle number was 3.1 × 108 particles/kgbw/g (63.6% of the total inhaled dose), and most (41.3%) were deposited in the alveolar region. The total mass of particles deposited was 19.8 ± 16.6 ng/kgbw/g, with 10.1% of the total mass deposited in the alveolar region. Given our findings, the inhalation exposure level is mainly determined by printing conditions, particularly the filament type and manufacturer‐recommended extruder temperature.

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Particle and organic vapor emissions from children’s 3-D pen and 3-D printer toys

Cited by 24 publications

References 43 publications

3D Printing - Evaluating Particle Emissions of a 3D Printing Pen

3D Printing - Evaluating Particle Emissions of a 3D Printing Pen

Optimization of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing Process Using Neural Networks for Sustainable Development

Estimates of particulate matter inhalation doses during three‐dimensional printing

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