Participation of an electric vehicle fleet to primary frequency control in France

Abstract

Using electric vehicles (EV) as distributed storage units could be a solution to take advantage of the good availability of EVs and reduce their total cost of ownership. The scientific literature features frequency control as one of the most profitable electric market for EV fleets. This paper presents an economic evaluation of the expected remuneration for a fleet of EVs participating to primary frequency control in France in 2020. First, the modeling of a French EV fleet is addressed. Simulations of the participation of this fleet to the French primary frequency control market are then performed. Two regulation strategies are considered: in the first one, only unidirectional power exchanges are allowed between EVs and the grid, while in the second one bidirectional exchanges are allowed. Results show that the expected remuneration is highly dependent on the ability to charge at work, the power level of the charging stations, and the bidirectional capabilities of the cars.

Economic comparison of electric vehicles performing unidirectional and bidirectional frequency control in Denmark with practical validation

“…It is a trade off between the implementation complexity and the possible revenue. The starting hypothesis of this work is that it is possible to earn more with V2G than with a unidirectional EV [7]. Assessing by which factor it is more lucrative, is important for the EV owner and for the original equipment manufacturer (OEM).…”

V2G enabled EVs providing frequency containment reserves: Field results

“…In European countries, frequency regulation using EV fleets have been studied in [7] and [8]. The authors in [7] develop an economic evaluation for an EV fleet participating in the French frequency regulation market, exploring regulation strategies for both unidirectional and bidirectional (V2G) power exchanges.…”

“…The authors in [7] develop an economic evaluation for an EV fleet participating in the French frequency regulation market, exploring regulation strategies for both unidirectional and bidirectional (V2G) power exchanges. Meanwhile, in [8] an analysis of frequency regulation services via V2G within a micro-grid environment is carried out in Macedonia.…”

Frequency Regulation Provision Using Cross-Brand Bidirectional V2G-Enabled Electric Vehicles

“…In [10] the authors perform economic analysis of EVs participating in frequency regulation markets, and in [11], certain strategies for the participation of EVs in frequency regulation markets are proposed. EV Frequency regulation markets in France and UK are explored in [12] and [13], respectively. Another study performed on the German market concluded that EVs' profit for participating in frequency regulation markets highly depends on the market conditions [14].…”