Participation in illegal harvesting of natural resources and the perceived costs and benefits of living within a protected area

Mbanze, Aires Afonso; Silva, Carina Vieira da; Ribeiro, Natasha; Santos, José Lima

doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106825

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Further, these current efforts that examined the spatio-temporal effect of illicit activities in PAs have often combined various illegal activities, assuming they all have one particular cause [17,20]. Reasons for entering into PAs with livestock have repeatedly been named as lenient penalties for illegal grazing compared to other wildlife offences [17], the demand of foraging resources inside PAs, which are not found elsewhere [21], a limited benefit that communities receive from wildlife resources [22,23], owning large numbers of livestock [21] and limited anti-poaching efforts in relation to the size and challenge of the PAs [17,24]. Studying the combination of illegal activities such as illegal fishing, grazing, logging, wildlife poaching and wildlife snaring prevents a deeper understanding of their driving cause, especially grazing activities, and hinders suitable developing approaches towards interventions [17,25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Increasing Illegal Livestock Grazing over Three Decades at Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve, Tanzania

Musika

Wakibara

Ndakidemi

et al. 2021

Land

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The global increase of livestock has caused illegal intrusion of livestock into protected areas. Until now, hotspot areas of illegal grazing have rarely been mapped, long-term monitoring data are missing, and little is known about the drivers of illegal grazing. We localized hotspots of illegal grazing and identified factors that influenced spatio-temporal patterns of illegal grazing over three decades in the Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve (MKGR), Tanzania. We used questionnaires with local pastoralists (N = 159), georeferenced aerial survey data and ranger reports from 1990–2019 to understand the reasons for illegal grazing in the area. We found that hotspots of illegal grazing occurred initially within 0–20 km of the boundary (H (3) = 137, p < 0.001; (H (3) = 32, p < 0.001) and encroached further into the protected area with time (H (3) = 11.3, p = 0.010); (H (2) = 59.0, p < 0.001). Further, livestock herd sizes decreased with increasing distance from the boundary (R = −0.20, p = 0.020; R = −0.40, p = 0.010). Most interviewees (81%) claimed that they face challenges of reduced foraging land in the wet season, caused by increasing land used for cultivation, which drives them into the MKGR to feed their livestock. We conclude that there is spatio-temporal consistency in the illegal livestock intrusion over three decades, and hotspot areas are located along the boundary of the MKGR. We suggest focusing patrols at these hotspot areas, especially during the wet season, to use limited law enforcement resources effectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Increasing Illegal Livestock Grazing over Three Decades at Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve, Tanzania

Musika

Wakibara

Ndakidemi

et al. 2021

Land

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“…Consistent with extant literature and resource‐based theories, when a natural resource is scarce, it can become a source of competitive advantage for firms (Barney, 1991; Hunt & Morgan, 1996; Peteraf, 1993; Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978; Wernerfelt, 1984). Similarly, once that resource is recognized as scarce, either due to excess extraction past the precipice of scarcity, or naturally limited availability or presence, it can result in competitive rivalry for the resource (Ellram et al, 2013; Markman et al, 2009; Ralston et al, 2022), illicit efforts (Harris & Nolan, 2022; Le Gallic, 2008; Mbanze et al, 2021), and even tensions and conflicts (Wilcox & Bergseth, 2021) as individuals and organizations seek profit from scarce natural resources. Berman et al (2017) discuss the correlation between increased resource extraction, and, thus, competition, for natural resources and local conflict.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Illicit activity and scarce natural resources in the supply chain: A literature review, framework, and research agenda

Hilend

Bell

Griffis

et al. 2023

J of Business Logistics

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This article reviews extant multidisciplinary literature to uncover existing themes and directions in the knowledge of the overlap between natural resource scarcity and illicit supply chain activity. In doing so, the authors present a novel review of this nascent, complex, and multidisciplinary research area. This review has uncovered 127 articles that have not been synthesized or organized in a meaningful way with the supply chain literature. It extracts insights and develops a comprehensive process framework encompassing the following: (a) antecedents associated with natural resource extraction, which foments the opportunity for illicit activity to thrive; (b) resulting economic, social, and environmental outcomes from illicit activity as it relates to natural resource extraction; and (c) potential moderating processes, which either enable or inhibit illicit activity to occur, including firm-level tactics that businesses can employ to counteract illicit activity throughout the supply chain and to promote sustainable long-term operations. An extensive agenda is presented suggesting future research paths, methodologies, theories, and potential contributions.

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“…Our findings also provide strong evidence that perceived adequacy of training and resource provision relate strongly (and positively) to the quality of ranger-community relations, perhaps because having more adequate training and resources enables rangers to be more able to cultivate positive relationships with local communities (Tables 4, 5). Community engagement is a core aspect of ranger work (Moreto et al, 2017a;Woodside et al, 2021) and amicable ranger-community relations can be associated with various benefits, like greater inclination amongst community members to adhere to conservation area rules and regulations and to report offenders, as well as improved ranger and community member well-being (Lee et al, 2009;Moreto et al, 2017a;WWF, 2019;Jacobsen, 2020;Zhang et al, 2020;Anagnostou et al, 2020;Mbanze et al, 2021;Woodside et al, 2021). However, relations between rangers and local communities are not always positive and are influence by historial, cultural, political and governance factor (Dutta, 2020;Woodside et al, 2021), and as a result, improving these relationships remains a common goal in conservation (Moretto, et.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Perceptions and Experiences of Local Versus Non-Local Rangers: Insights From Across 11 Countries

Parker

Singh²,

Hoffmann

et al. 2022

Front. Conserv. Sci.

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Multiple demographic factors can affect ranger experiences and perceptions of their work, including factors like gender, age, and income. Similarly, whether a ranger is local to their conservation area might influence their experiences and perceptions of the work. This premise, however, has received limited attention. In this study we use survey data from across 11 countries to explore how being local to a conservation area might affect ranger experiences and perceptions. We define local rangers as originally being from within 20km of their conservation area. Our findings suggest that being local corresponds to more positive relations with local communities. Our results also imply that whilst being a local ranger might not directly affect job satisfaction, local rangers may well enjoy higher job satisfaction because of how they tend to differ from non-local rangers in other characteristics (e.g., lower formal education; greater access to familial support; more amicable community relations). Moreover, our findings indicate that non-local rangers tend to experience certain symptoms associated with a challenging job (e.g., feeling worn out and emotionally exhausted) more regularly than local rangers, which might correspond to lower welfare. In all, our findings indicate that further, more in-depth research into how the perceptions and experiences of local versus non-local rangers might differ could be useful. Examining the links between being a local ranger and community relations might be especially valuable.

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Participation in illegal harvesting of natural resources and the perceived costs and benefits of living within a protected area

Cited by 15 publications

References 33 publications

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Increasing Illegal Livestock Grazing over Three Decades at Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve, Tanzania

Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Increasing Illegal Livestock Grazing over Three Decades at Moyowosi Kigosi Game Reserve, Tanzania

Illicit activity and scarce natural resources in the supply chain: A literature review, framework, and research agenda

Exploring the Perceptions and Experiences of Local Versus Non-Local Rangers: Insights From Across 11 Countries

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