Partially Oxidized Carbon Nanomaterials with Ni/NiO Heterostructures as Durable Glucose Sensors

Abstract

Conventional enzyme-based glucose biosensors have limited extensive applications in daily life because glucose oxidase is easily inactivated and is expensive. In this paper, we propose a strategy to prepare a new type of cost-effective, efficient, and robust nonenzymatic Ni-CNT-O for electrochemical glucose sensing. It is first followed by the pyrolysis of Ni-ABDC nanostrips using melamine to grow carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to give an intermediate product of Ni-CNT, which is further accompanied by partial oxidation to enable the facile formation of hierarchical carbon nanomaterials with improved hydrophilicity. A series of physicochemical characterizations have fully proved that Ni-CNT-O is a carbon-coated heterostructure of Ni and NiO nanoparticles embedded into coordination polymer-derived porous carbons. The obtained Ni-CNT-O exhibits a better electrocatalytic activity for glucose oxidation stemming from the synergistic effect of a metal element and a metal oxide than unoxidized Ni-CNT, which also shows high performance with a wide linear range from 1 to 3000 μM. It also offers a high sensitivity of 79.4 μA mM −1 cm −2 , a low detection limit of 500 nM (S/N = 3), and a satisfactory long-term durability. Finally, this glucose sensor exhibits good reproducibility, high selectivity, as well as satisfactory results by comparing the current response of simulated serum within egg albumen.

Optimized Pore Nanospace through the Construction of a Cagelike Metal–Organic Framework for CO2/N2 Separation

“…Recently, nonthermal-driven adsorption and separation technology based on porous solid materials has presented great potential in the CCS field due to its cost and energy efficiency, high capture capacity, and high selectivity. − In this respect, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown tremendous potential for CCS as a result of their structural diversity, function tunability, and high surface area. − Up to now, a great deal of effort has been devoted to improving the CO 2 uptake capacity and separation performance from flue gas via various crystal engineering strategies, in which pore-nanospace engineering represents an effective protocol for CCS achieved by tuning the pore size, volume, shape, and surface. − Generally, a MOF with a small pore size usually shows a high CO 2 selective adsorption performance but adversely leads to a low capture capacity, whereas a high pore volume can bestow the MOF with high uptake capacity but might reduce the adsorptive selectivity. , Therefore, engineering a MOF nanospace with the characteristics of small pore size and large pore volume might be an effective approach for achieving the trade-off between the adsorptive selectivity and uptake capacity, which can be accomplished through the construction of a cagelike MOF featuring a small window size and a large cavity. − Additionally, the window shape and internal cavity environment also play an important role in the selective adsorption process. In this regard, Feng, Zhou, and other groups have made pioneering contributions, demonstrating that pore-nanospace engineering via the construction of a cagelike MOF with suitable pore size/volume/shape/surface is an effective method to enhance the selective adsorption performance. − However, the elaborate design of a cage-based MOF with the appropriate pore volume/surface and precise window size falling between CO 2 and N 2 remains highly challenging.…”

Multidimensional MOF-derived carbon nanomaterials for multifunctional applications

“…[56][57][58] In the meantime, the advantage of chemical charge transfer processes occurring at the nanoscale interface of the heterostructure is obviously enhanced. [59][60][61] Furthermore, these obtained 0D CNMs calcined from crystalline MOFs intrinsically show high specic surface area and abundant heterogeneous interfaces, which would be crucial to the improved electrical conductivity and expand the scope of their practical applications.…”

Ultrafast Response in Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing with Ni(II)-MOFs by Dimensional Manipulation

“…2,3 Yet, treating diabetes based on current medical technology is still a daunting challenge, and diabetes accounts for approximately 11.3% of deaths worldwide. 4 Therefore, monitoring the blood glucose level presents important significance for the prevention and control of diabetes. 5−7 Electrochemical sensing technology features the merits of quick response and high accuracy, showing grand potential in blood glucose detection.…”

“…The number of people with diabetes worldwide is estimated to reach 643 million in 2030 if no action is taken . Diseases with an excessive blood glucose level often lead to serious complications, such as premature death, amputation, and blindness. , Yet, treating diabetes based on current medical technology is still a daunting challenge, and diabetes accounts for approximately 11.3% of deaths worldwide . Therefore, monitoring the blood glucose level presents important significance for the prevention and control of diabetes. − …”

“…On the one hand, enzymes are susceptible to inactivation by tiny environmental disturbances . On the other hand, the enzyme immobilization process shows low controllability, affording poor stability at the carrier–enzyme interface. , Compared with enzymatic glucose sensors, nonenzymatic glucose sensors can theoretically solve the above-mentioned problems by making use of the efficient catalytic ability of the robust active sites at the electrode surface for direct electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose . Bag et al synthesized various nickel–niobium (Ni 60 Nb 40 ) glucose sensors and demonstrated their excellent glucose-sensing performance: sensitivity of 20 mA cm –2 mM –1 and detection limit of 100 nM .…”