Conspectus
Iron carbide
(IC) nanostructures have attracted intense interest
in several energetic and magnetic-related fields due to their high
saturation magnetization, desirable stability, and excellent catalytic
activity. Due to their iron-based magnetic capacity and carbon-arising
near-infrared light-responsive performance, IC nanostructures have
been regarded as emerging materials for tumor theranostics in the
past decades. They have been extensively explored in several tumor-related
biomedical areas, such as magnetic targeting, magnetic resonance imaging,
magnetic hyperthermia, photoacoustic tomography, and photothermal
therapy. In view of the growing requirements for tumor theranostics,
IC nanostructures need to be incorporated with other nanostructures
to form the improved IC-based nanocomposites. The success of such
a manufacturing process needs not only the deep understanding of the
synthesis mechanism of IC nanostructures but also the functionality
of IC nanostructures in tumor diagnosis and therapy, as well as the
interaction between IC nanostructures and the specific tumor microenvironment.
By forming IC-based nanocomposites, the application scope of IC nanostructures
is expanded to some unexplored areas, expecting to discover new biological
functionality. In this Account, we summarize the synthesis and surface
modification of IC-based nanostructures, and their recent promising
applications in tumor theranostics, aiming to provide some paradigms
for designing IC-based nanocomposites and uncover the interactions
between IC-based nanocomposites and biological systems.
The
great potential of IC nanostructures in tumor theranostics
is promoted by understanding their stimuli-responsive behavior in
the tumor microenvironment and incorporating them with other functional
materials to construct IC-based nanocomposites. For diagnosis purposes,
IC nanostructures are excellent contrast agents for magnetic resonance
imaging and photoacoustic tomography. Their applications can be expanded
to other diagnostic modalities by suitable design of IC-based nanocomposites,
such as introducing silver sulfide for fluorescence imaging. For therapy
purpose, IC nanostructures can kill tumor cells through magnetic hyperthermia
and photothermal effect, as well as using Fenton reaction-generated
toxic hydroxyl radical. Furthermore, they can act as targeting carriers
for antitumor drugs, releasing the payload on-demand at tumor site
for chemotherapy. In the end, we look at the challenges and possible
research directions for IC nanostructures, hoping to provide inspiration
for future investigation.