Partial Substitution of Copper with Nickel for the Superconducting Bismuth Compound and Its Effect on the Physical and Electrical Properties

Abstract

This study focuses on how the partial substitution of copper by nickel nanoparticles affects the electrical and structural properties of the Bi 2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 2.9 Ni 0.1 O 10+δ , Bi 2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 2.8 Ni 0.2 O 10+δ and Bi 2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 2.6 Ni 0.4 O 10+δ compounds. Approximate values of crystallization size and crystallization percentage for the three compounds were calculated using the Scherer, modified Scherer, and Williamson-Hall methods. A great similarity was observed in the crystal size values from the Scherer method, 243.442 nm, and the Williamson-Hall method, 243.794 nm for the second sample. At the same time this sample exhibited the highest crystal size value for the three methods. In the examination of electrical properties, the sample with 0.1 partial substitution, Bi 2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 2.9 Ni 0.1 O 10+δ was determined to be the best with a critical temperature of 100 K and an energy gap of 6.57639 × 10 -21 MeV. Using the SEM technique to analyze the structural morphology of the three phases, it was discovered that the size of the granular forms exceeds 25 nm. It was determined that the samples' shapes alter when nickel concentration rises. The patterns that reveal the distribution of the crystal structure also exhibit clear homogeneity.

Synthesis and Analysis of the Impact of Partial Mercury Replacement with Lead on the Structural and Electrical Properties of the Hg1-xPbxBa2Ca2Cu3O8+δ Superconductor

“…Studies have shown that the progression is parallel in the cases of low surface roughness, square root, and mean diameter. 24,26) Through the results of the structural characteristics presented, we conclude that the partial replacement of mercury with lead led to a change in all parameters of the crystal lattice through a change in the three lattice axes a, b, and c, which led to a change in the resistivity r, critical temperatures T c(offset) and T c(onset) , as well as the size of the lattice and the proportion of phases. The reason for this is the difference in the sizes of the mercury and lead atoms, while the crystalline structure remains the same, ensuring that all samples have a tetragonal structure.…”

“…A horizontal crystal evolution takes place when the average diameter increases while the surface roughness, square root, and mean diameter decrease, which lessens crystal defects. 24,25) A vertical crystal evolution takes place when the surface roughness, square root, and mean diameter increase. Studies have shown that the progression is parallel in the cases of low surface roughness, square root, and mean diameter.…”