Partial silencing of a hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase-encoding gene in Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 results in a lower level of resistance to lovastatin and lower antifungal activity

Cardoza, Rosa E.; Hermosa, Rosa; Vizcaíno, Juan Antonio; González, Fran; Llobell, Antonio; Monte, Enrique; Gutiérrez, Santiago

doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2006.11.013

Cited by 59 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(66 reference statements)

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“…Partial silencing of the hmgR gene in T. harzianum resulted in reduction of HMGR activity by up to 23%. Reduced activity of HMGR caused lower production of metabolites such as terpenoids and decreased antifungal activity of T. harzianum silenced strains (467). These results clearly point to a direct correlation of the mevalonate pathway activity and antifungal activity of some Trichoderma strains.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Farnesyl Diphosphate (Fpp) (I) Acetoacetyl-coamentioning

confidence: 64%

“…HMG-CoA reductase-encoding genes were cloned from some ascomycetous fungi, including Trichoderma harzianum (467). T. atroviride, T. virens, and T. reesei revealed sequences encoding proteins with high homology to the HMG protein from other organisms (see Table S1 in the supplemental material).…”

Section: Synthesis Of Farnesyl Diphosphate (Fpp) (I) Acetoacetyl-coamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All domains essential for catalysis, such as the substrate binding pocket, inhibitor binding sites, and catalytic residues, are predicted to be localized in this region of HMGR. In T. harzianum, the hmgR ORF contains 3,518 bp with one 65-bp intron and encodes a protein of 1,150 amino acids (Pfam accession number PF00368) (467). Partial silencing of the hmgR gene in T. harzianum resulted in reduction of HMGR activity by up to 23%.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Farnesyl Diphosphate (Fpp) (I) Acetoacetyl-coamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

Schmoll

Dattenböck

Carreras-Villaseñor

et al. 2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

163

195

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SUMMARYThe genusTrichodermacontains fungi with high relevance for humans, with applications in enzyme production for plant cell wall degradation and use in biocontrol. Here, we provide a broad, comprehensive overview of the genomic content of these species for “hot topic” research aspects, including CAZymes, transport, transcription factors, and development, along with a detailed analysis and annotation of less-studied topics, such as signal transduction, genome integrity, chromatin, photobiology, or lipid, sulfur, and nitrogen metabolism inT. reesei,T. atroviride, andT. virens, and we open up new perspectives to those topics discussed previously. In total, we covered more than 2,000 of the predicted 9,000 to 11,000 genes of eachTrichodermaspecies discussed, which is >20% of the respective gene content. Additionally, we considered available transcriptome data for the annotated genes. Highlights of our analyses include overall carbohydrate cleavage preferences due to the different genomic contents and regulation of the respective genes. We found light regulation of many sulfur metabolic genes. Additionally, a new Golgi 1,2-mannosidase likely involved inN-linked glycosylation was detected, as were indications for the ability ofTrichodermaspp. to generate hybrid galactose-containingN-linked glycans. The genomic inventory of effector proteins revealed numerous compounds unique toTrichoderma, and these warrant further investigation. We found interesting expansions in theTrichodermagenus in several signaling pathways, such as G-protein-coupled receptors, RAS GTPases, and casein kinases. A particularly interesting feature absolutely unique toT. atrovirideis the duplication of the alternative sulfur amino acid synthesis pathway.

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Section: Synthesis Of Farnesyl Diphosphate (Fpp) (I) Acetoacetyl-coamentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Synthesis Of Farnesyl Diphosphate (Fpp) (I) Acetoacetyl-coamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis Of Farnesyl Diphosphate (Fpp) (I) Acetoacetyl-coamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

Schmoll

Dattenböck

Carreras-Villaseñor

et al. 2016

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

163

195

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“…Ten milliliters of the CM culturegrown mycelia were transferred to 50 ml of minimal medium (MM) (22) and grown for 96 h at 28°C and 250 rpm. Mycelia were used for extraction and quantification of ergosterol-squalene as previously reported (23,24). All measurements were made in triplicate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Trichothecene Production on the Plant Defense Response and Fungal Physiology: Overexpression of the Trichoderma arundinaceum tri4 Gene in T. harzianum

Cardoza

McCormick

Malmierca

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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dTrichothecenes are fungal sesquiterpenoid compounds, the majority of which have phytotoxic activity. They contaminate food and feed stocks, resulting in potential harm to animals and human beings. Trichoderma brevicompactum and T. arundinaceum produce trichodermin and harzianum A (HA), respectively, two trichothecenes that show different bioactive properties. Both compounds have remarkable antibiotic and cytotoxic activities, but in addition, trichodermin is highly phytotoxic, while HA lacks this activity when analyzed in vivo. Analysis of Fusarium trichothecene intermediates led to the conclusion that most of them, with the exception of the hydrocarbon precursor trichodiene (TD), have a detectable phytotoxic activity which is not directly related to the structural complexity of the intermediate. In the present work, the HA intermediate 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) was produced by expression of the T. arundinaceum tri4 gene in a transgenic T. harzianum strain that already produces TD after transformation with the T. arundinaceum tri5 gene. Purified EPT did not show antifungal or phytotoxic activity, while purified HA showed both antifungal and phytotoxic activities. However, the use of the transgenic T. harzianum tri4 strain induced a downregulation of defense-related genes in tomato plants and also downregulated plant genes involved in fungal root colonization. The production of EPT by the transgenic tri4 strain raised levels of erg1 expression and reduced squalene accumulation while not affecting levels of ergosterol. Together, these results indicate the complex interactions among trichothecene intermediates, fungal antagonists, and host plants.A number of Trichoderma species are known for the ability to act as important biocontrol agents against phytopathogenic fungi (1, 2). Trichoderma species are able to act as biofertilizers, to induce plant defense responses, and to increase tolerance to abiotic stresses (3, 4). Trichoderma arundinaceum and T. brevicompactum also produce trichothecenes, sesquiterpenoid compounds which are harmful to plants and to the animals which consume contaminated food or feed stocks. Several studies on the structure-activity relationships of Fusarium trichothecene toxins in alga, plant, and animal models (5-7) indicate that certain Fusarium trichothecenes and intermediates have different toxic effects. Using an Arabidopsis leaf assay, Desjardins and coworkers found that toxicity varied Ͼ200-fold between different trichothecene compounds, while trichodiene (TD), a hydrocarbon precursor, was not phytotoxic (6).Biosynthesis of trichothecenes starts with the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), catalyzed by the terpene cyclase trichodiene synthase encoded by tri5 (8), to produce TD. In Trichoderma, TD is then oxygenated at C-2, C-11, and C-13 by a P450 monooxygenase encoded by tri4 (9, 10) to give the intermediate isotrichodiol, which is nonenzymatically converted to 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT). The oxygenation of these three carbons is a characteristic that Trichoderma...

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“…Labeling, hybridization, and immunological detection were carried out with a nonradioactive labeling and immunological detection kit with CDP-Star as the chemiluminescent substrate (Roche, Mannheim, Germany), as previously described (10). qPCR experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of Trichoderma Trichothecenes in the Biocontrol Activity and Induction of Plant Defense-Related Genes

Malmierca

Cardoza

Alexander

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

151

130

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cTrichoderma species produce trichothecenes, most notably trichodermin and harzianum A (HA), by a biosynthetic pathway in which several of the involved proteins have significant differences in functionality compared to their Fusarium orthologues. In addition, the genes encoding these proteins show a genomic organization differing from that of the Fusarium tri clusters. Here we describe the isolation of Trichoderma arundinaceum IBT 40837 transformants which have a disrupted or silenced tri4 gene, a gene encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that oxygenates trichodiene to give rise to isotrichodiol, and the effect of tri4 gene disruption and silencing on the expression of other tri genes. Our results indicate that the tri4 gene disruption resulted in a reduced antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani and also in a reduced ability to induce the expression of tomato plant defense-related genes belonging to the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate (JA) pathways against B. cinerea, in comparison to the wild-type strain, indicating that HA plays an important function in the sensitization of Trichoderma-pretreated plants against this fungal pathogen. Additionally, the effect of the interaction of T. arundinaceum with B. cinerea or R. solani and with tomato seedlings on the expressions of the tri genes was studied.

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Partial silencing of a hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase-encoding gene in Trichoderma harzianum CECT 2413 results in a lower level of resistance to lovastatin and lower antifungal activity

Cited by 59 publications

References 59 publications

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

The Genomes of Three Uneven Siblings: Footprints of the Lifestyles of Three Trichoderma Species

Effects of Trichothecene Production on the Plant Defense Response and Fungal Physiology: Overexpression of the Trichoderma arundinaceum tri4 Gene in T. harzianum

Involvement of Trichoderma Trichothecenes in the Biocontrol Activity and Induction of Plant Defense-Related Genes

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