Partial replacement of urea-formaldehyde adhesive with fungal biomass and soy flour in plywood fabrication

Hosseini, Seyed Behzad; Asadollahzadeh, Mohammadtaghi; Najfai, Saeed Kazemi; Taherzadeh, Mohammad J.

doi:10.1080/01694243.2019.1707948

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Fillers can also play an important task in the reduction of free formaldehyde release from UF adhesive mixtures, especially in the production of plywood panels [ 20 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. According to our research [ 28 , 29 ], and other research [ 19 , 20 , 30 ], it suggests that the ground bark of some tree species, applied as a filler with UF resins in plywood manufacture, leads to significant decrease in free formaldehyde release.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Commonly used adhesive fillers are nonvolatile, organic substances, such as wheat or rye flour, soybean powder, rice husk, wood powder, bark powder or other lignocellulosic wastes, such as palm kernel, coconut shells, starch material, etc. [ 27 , 31 ]. In addition, inorganic materials such as metal powders, metal oxides, and minerals (clay, sepiolite, wollastonite) have also been used as adhesive fillers, typically to improve compression strength and dimensional stability [ 15 , 30 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

et al. 2021

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The potential of using ground birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.) bark as an eco-friendly additive in urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives for plywood manufacturing was investigated in this work. Five-ply plywood panels were fabricated in the laboratory from beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) veneers bonded with UF adhesive formulations comprising three addition levels of birch bark (BB) as a filler (10%, 15%, and 20%). Two UF resin formulations filled with 10% and 20% wheat flour (WF) were used as reference samples. The mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity and shear strength) of the laboratory-fabricated plywood panels, bonded with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture, were evaluated and compared with the European standard requirements (EN 310 and EN 314-2). The mechanical strength of the plywood with the addition of BB in the adhesive mixture is acceptable and met the European standard requirements. Markedly, the positive effect of BB in the UF adhesive mixture on the reduction of formaldehyde emission from plywood panels was also confirmed. Initially, the most significant decrease in formaldehyde release (up to 14%) was measured for the plywood sample, produced with 15% BB. After four weeks, the decrease in formaldehyde was estimated up to 51% for the sample manufactured with 20% BB. The performed differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), also confirmed the findings of the study. As this research demonstrated, BB as a waste or by-product of wood processing industry, can be efficiently utilized as an environmentally friendly, inexpensive alternative to WF as a filler in UF adhesive formulations for plywood manufacturing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

et al. 2021

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“…Improvements in the water resistance properties of the biomass adhesive were attributed to a high degree of cross-linking reaction, which attained a hyperbranched cross-linked network structure to prevent water from entering into its molecular chains of the modified adhesive. Comparing related adhesives reported in the literature and the three kinds of commercially available adhesives, the water absorption rate of them was higher than that of the modified adhesives, indicating that the prepared adhesives were good in water resistance. At the same time, in order to further evaluate the water resistance of the adhesive, the experiment was performed by immersing the samples in water for 2 and 4 h. Figure c–e shows that T-peel strength of the modified adhesives after soaking in water achieved the quality requirements of the adhesives for footwear or bags (80% of the T-peel strength before soaking), according to the standard EN 15062: 2006.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Novel Gelatin-based Eco-friendly Adhesive with a Hyperbranched Cross-linked Structure

Wang

Zhu

Liu

et al. 2020

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Gelatin (GE), a nontoxic and degradable biomass resource, is a multistage hydrolysate of collagen. However, its application in adhesives was always limited by its brittleness and poor water resistance. In order to overcome this shortcoming, herein, epoxy-terminated hyperbranched polymers (EHPAEs) were first selected as a cross-linking agent to modify the GE extracted from leather solid wastes to prepare a series of novel GE-based environmentally friendly adhesives. First, EHPAE was synthesized and the structure of the hyperbranched polymer was measured by Fourier-transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Then, the adhesives were obtained using the EHPAE to modify GE. The adhesion effect of the prepared adhesives was evaluated by tensile and T-peel tests on the surface of leather, in order to determine whether this adhesive achieved the quality requirements for footwear and bags. The result indicated that EHPAE-modified GE-based adhesives had higher solid content, superior adhesion ability, and water resistance. Moreover, the bonding layer of this adhesive was tough and ductile, while the bonding layers of the recently reported GE-based adhesives were brittle. This adhesive also surpassed the recently reported GE-based adhesives in terms of water resistance and adhesion performance.

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“…One of the major problems to use MDF panels is their stability in terms of thickness swelling (TS) as these products are usually using for indoor and kitchen design applications and often are under wet environment. Thus, the panels stability needs to be proved under wet condition 55 . Figure 8 illustrates the effect of filler content on TS of the fabricated MDF panels.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urea impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes; a formaldehyde scavenger for urea formaldehyde adhesives and medium density fiberboards bonded with them

Mazaheri

Moghimi

Taheri

2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were subjected to modification by urea to use as formaldehyde scavenger in urea formaldehyde (UF) adhesive and reducing the free formaldehyde emission of the medium density fiberboards (MDFs). Morphological differences besides elemental analysis was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The effect of urea impregnated MWCNTs filler on the physical, morphological and thermal properties of the UF resin has investigated. Furthermore, characterization of the mechanical properties, free formaldehyde emission and thickness swelling were carried out for the MDF panels. From the results, the free formaldehyde of the UF resins was significantly decreased. The lowest free formaldehyde was belonged to the sample with 3 wt% of scavenger which was about 71% lower than the value for neat UF resin. Accordingly, the formaldehyde emission of the fiberboards was also showed a descending trend by incorporation of MWCNTs‐U to the composite structure. It was decreased from 9.67 to 3.89 mg/100 g dried board. These results indicated that the prepared nano modifier was successfully performed as a formaldehyde scavenger for the UF resin and could prevent the hazards of the free formaldehyde emission from MDF panels.

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Partial replacement of urea-formaldehyde adhesive with fungal biomass and soy flour in plywood fabrication

Cited by 15 publications

References 24 publications

Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

Utilization of Birch Bark as an Eco-Friendly Filler in Urea-Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Manufacturing

Novel Gelatin-based Eco-friendly Adhesive with a Hyperbranched Cross-linked Structure

Urea impregnated multiwalled carbon nanotubes; a formaldehyde scavenger for urea formaldehyde adhesives and medium density fiberboards bonded with them

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