Partial purification of staphylococcal enterotoxin

Bergdoll, Merlin S.; Kadavy, J. L.; Surgalla, Michael J.; Dack, G. M.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(51)90104-x

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The purification studies in the Food Research Institute laboratories were undertaken with the assumption that enterotoxin was a protein. Such methods as precipitation with (NH4)9SO4, HC1, and ethanol and methanol at subzero temperatures proved useful in its recovery and partial purification [4]. To obtain preparations of higher purity using other than precipitation techniques, an attempt was made to purify the entero toxin chromatographically with diatomaceous silica (Hyflo Super Cel) [5].…”

Section: Purification Of the Enterotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The staphylococcal enterotoxins

Bergdoll

1996

Toxicon

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Section: Purification Of the Enterotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The staphylococcal enterotoxins

Bergdoll

1996

Toxicon

Self Cite

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“…Upon administering culture filtrate of the isolated bacterium grown in the laboratory to a rabbit (intravenous) or humans ( n = 3; oral), there was respectively death and uniform nausea/diarrhea. Some of the SEs were first purified by various groups during the 1950s ( 43 – 45 ), further linked to a major cause of food poisoning evident around the world, and found to stimulate specific subsets of T cells leading to shock ( 1 , 46 , 47 ).…”

Section: The Staphylococcal Enterotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Staphylococcal Superantigens Spark Host-Mediated Danger Signals

2016

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Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) of Staphylococcus aureus, and related superantigenic toxins produced by myriad microbes, are potent stimulators of the immune system causing a variety of human diseases from transient food poisoning to lethal toxic shock. These protein toxins bind directly to specific Vβ regions of T-cell receptors (TCR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on antigen-presenting cells, resulting in hyperactivation of T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Activated host cells produce excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, especially tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon γ (IFNγ), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 causing clinical symptoms of fever, hypotension, and shock. Because of superantigen-induced T cells skewed toward TH1 helper cells, and the induction of proinflammatory cytokines, superantigens can exacerbate autoimmune diseases. Upon TCR/MHC ligation, pathways induced by superantigens include the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and cytokine receptor signaling, resulting in activation of NFκB and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways. Various mouse models exist to study SEB-induced shock including those with potentiating agents, transgenic mice and an “SEB-only” model. However, therapeutics to treat toxic shock remain elusive as host response genes central to pathogenesis of superantigens have only been identified recently. Gene profiling of a murine model for SEB-induced shock reveals novel molecules upregulated in multiple organs not previously associated with SEB-induced responses. The pivotal genes include intracellular DNA/RNA sensors, apoptosis/DNA damage-related molecules, immunoproteasome components, as well as antiviral and IFN-stimulated genes. The host-wide induction of these, and other, antimicrobial defense genes provide evidence that SEB elicits danger signals resulting in multi-organ damage and toxic shock. Ultimately, these discoveries might lead to novel therapeutics for various superantigen-based diseases.

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“…Purification of the type B toxin has been studied most intensively.287, 291,294,295,313,316 Though not crystallized, recently this toxin has been purified to a stage permitting a complete amino acid analysis 33G and biophysical characterization of the molecule. 35s The purification 333 involves two repeated steps of selective adsorption on a carboxylic acid exchange resin (Amberlite CG-50, 100 to 200 mesh) and fractional elution followed by column chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose.…”

Section: Staphylococcal Enterotoxinmentioning

confidence: 99%

The botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins: A review

Lamanna¹,

Cj²

1967

Clin Pharma and Therapeutics

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It is our wish to consider the current status of knowledge and to stimulate awareness of the problems and opportunities existing for future studies of the nature and actions of the botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins. Increasing knowledge makes such a review timely. In the light of the selective actions of botulinal and tetanal toxins on autonomic and central nervous system interneuronal mechanisms, it is remarkable that one finds no references to these very useful agents in the outstanding texts and reference volumes in neurophysiology and pharmacology. Successful methods of purification now make it possible to employ these toxins as specific reprodUCible and selective reagents or aids in the study of physioReceived for publication Oct. 5, 1966. 286logical and pharmacological questions, a potential that has not been exploited maximally.It is logical to consider these three exotoxins of gram positive bacteria in a single paper because in common they have been proven to be neurotoxic simple proteins. Our attention will not be focused on the purely bacteriological questions of the origin of these toxins in the bacterial economy and environmental factors influencing their production and occurrence in clinical illness. Nor will we consider the clinical problem of tetanus and botulism in medical and veterinary practice, and the occurrence of botulism in wildlife. Reviews including subject matter we have not covered are available. 90 , 93, 114, 115, 128, 135, 154, 156, 177,249,307,308 We will consider primarily the nature and actions of the toxins.

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Partial purification of staphylococcal enterotoxin

Cited by 16 publications

References 6 publications

The staphylococcal enterotoxins

The staphylococcal enterotoxins

Staphylococcal Superantigens Spark Host-Mediated Danger Signals

The botulinal, tetanal, and enterostaphylococcal toxins: A review

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