Cholestasis is frequent in neonates (1/2,500 live births) and in young children. It includes many etiologies with sometimes poor prognosis. In case of neonatal cholestasis, the most important point is to look at the stool color and to rule out biliary atresia which needs to be surgically treated before the 45th day of life. Biliary atresia represents almost 50% of cases of neonatal cholestasis, the other causes being numerous. Some cases can be treated with success, such as tyrosinemia type I or inborn errors of bile acid synthesis. However, in the majority of cases, there is no specific treatment, and the evolution of the disease is toward cirrhosis or liver insufficiency leading to liver transplantation. Nowadays, liver transplantation has good results, but it is a difficult procedure with frequent side effects. In the future, analysis and a better understanding of the mechanisms of the different cholestatic diseases could allow the development of other treatments such as liver cell transplantation or gene therapy, bringing new perspectives for children.