Partial Cross-Sections in High-Energy Nuclear Reactions, and Astrophysical Applications. I. Targets WITh Z <= 28. II. Targets Heavier than Nickel

Determination of Gross Sections for the Production of 7Be, 10Be and 22Na by High-Energy Protons

“…As pointed out above there is no adequate model describing proton-induced high-energy reactions. Several attempts have been made to describe the cross sections of high-energy reactions by semiempirical formulae [41,42,43,44]. The formulae by Rudstam [41] and Silberberg and Tsao [42] tumed out to be widely unreliable and only to represent the general trends of high-energy cross sections.…”

“…Several attempts have been made to describe the cross sections of high-energy reactions by semiempirical formulae [41,42,43,44]. The formulae by Rudstam [41] and Silberberg and Tsao [42] tumed out to be widely unreliable and only to represent the general trends of high-energy cross sections. It is not clear up to now, whether the deficits of these approaches are due to these authors using an at that time insufficient data base.…”

Contribution of nuclei accelerated by gamma-ray pulsars to cosmic rays in the Galaxy

“…Nuclei injected at earlier times should suffer significant fragmentation in collisions with the matter inside the nebula. We have simulated this process of fragmentation of nuclei injected by the pulsar applying the semiempirical formulae for the cross sections for the fragmentation of nuclei of Silberberg & Tsao [47] with parameters given in their tables 1A,B,C,D. In our simulation, we assumed that in a single collision a nucleus fragments into two nuclei with different mass numbers.…”

Comparison of measurements of angular hadron energy spectra, induced activity and dose with FLUKA82 calculations

“…Twelve detectors were located at a distance of 38 cm from the centre of the target at angles from 10°, to 150° with respect to the incident beam. The spallation reactions used are shown in Table 1. The energy dependent spallation reaction cross-sections were calculated using the semiempirical cross-section formulae of Rudstam [6] or Silberberg and Tsao [7]. The Silberberg-Tsao formulae were used only for the Cu - 7 Be cross-section calculations where the Rudstam formulae are not applicable.…”

“…The spallation reactions used are shown in Table 1. The energy dependent spallation reaction cross-sections were calculated using the semiempirical cross-section formulae of Rudstam [6] or Silberberg and Tsao [7]. The Silberberg-Tsao formulae were used only for the Cu - 7 Be cross-section calculations where the Rudstam formulae are not applicable. The effective cross-section was calculated from the energy dependent cross-sections using a constant weighting spectrum which is justified when the cross-sections have a clear threshold behaviour.…”