Partial Compatibility and the Formation of Thickened, Shrink-Resistant Thermoset Moulding Compounds

Bush, Stephen F.; Methven, J.M.; Blackburn, Darryl

doi:10.1088/0954-0083/8/1/005

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…In the thermodynamic description of polymer blend miscibility, it has been noted that the combinatorial entropy contribution (e.g., as given by Huggins or by Flory) is vanishingly small. Several authors argued7–12 that miscibility depends on the noncombinatorial effects embedded in the binary interaction parameter: χ = χ h + χ s ≤ 0, that is; with the enthalpic and entropic contributions. Thus, minimization of the enthalpic contribution gives:4 (i.e., δ 1 → δ 2 ) that might provide the necessary (but not necessarily sufficient) condition for miscibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical thermodynamics evaluation of polymer–polymer miscibility

Utracki

2004

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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The Simha and Somcynsky (S–S) statistical thermodynamics theory was used to compute the solubility parameters as a function of temperature and pressure [δ = δ(T, P)], for a series of polymer melts. The characteristic scaling parameters required for this task, P*, T*, and V*, were extracted from the pressure–temperature–volume (PVT) data. To determine the potential polymer–polymer miscibility, the dependence of δ versus T (at ambient pressure) was computed for 17 polymers. Close proximity of the δ versus T curves for four miscible polymer pairs: PPE/PS, PS/PVME, and PC/PMMA signaled the usefulness of this approach. It is noteworthy, that the tabulated solubility parameters (derived from the solution data under ambient conditions) propounded the immiscibility of the PVC/PVAc pair. The computed values of δ also suggested miscibility for polymer pairs of unknown miscibility, namely PPE/PVC, PPE/PVAc, and PET/PSF. In recognizing the limitations of the solubility parameter approach (the omission of several thermodynamic contributions), these preliminary results are auspicious because they indicate a new route for estimating the miscibility of any polymeric material at a given temperature and pressure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2909–2915, 2004

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical thermodynamics evaluation of polymer–polymer miscibility

Utracki

2004

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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“…Equations 1 and 2 are formally analogous to equations for the enthalpy of mixing [41][42][43] and for the interaction energy density [29,[44][45][46], respectively. Equations 1 and 2 are formally analogous to equations for the enthalpy of mixing [41][42][43] and for the interaction energy density [29,[44][45][46], respectively.…”

Section: Model Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive Deviations of the Modulus and Yield Strength of Blends Consisting of Partially Miscible Polymers

Kolařı́k

2000

Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part B

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Positive deviations of the modulus E b and yield strength S yb of polymer blends consisting of partially miscible polymers are analyzed by combining models for miscible and immiscible blends. The effect of the composition of binary blends on the composition of conjugate phases over the entire composition range is described by an empirical formula that requires two parameters extractable from experimental data. Positive deviations of E b and S yb are ascribed to two effects:(1) respective properties of one or both conjugated phases are higher than those of parent polymers; (2) molecular mobility in both conjugate phases is reduced due to associative interactions (heterocontacts) between the chains of components. These effects are then taken into account in the predictive scheme, which combines (1) an equivalent box model (EBM) and (2) data on phase continuity rendered by the equations proposed by the percolation theory. Three typical situations are considered in model calculations: (1) components do not show any miscibility and interaction; (2) components are partially miscible, but their interaction in conjugate phases is negligible; (3) conjugate phases consist of strongly interacting components. The scheme satisfactorily fits available experimental data if associative interactions are encompassed by means of an adjustable interaction parameter.

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“…The 1930s saw the initial commercialization of three of the four thermoplastics which together account for over [23] 70 per cent of all polymer production worldwide today. These three (polystyrene, polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride) are all derived from ethylene, which is the single most important building block for the whole chemical industry.…”

Section: Evolution Of Thermoplastics and Machinery To Exploit Them: 1mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GMT sheet is a candidate material for use as automotive doors, caravans and tractor hoods in the current thrust to reduce fuel consumption by reducing weight in vehicles. As such, GMT is an alternative not only to steel and aluminium but also to other polymeric materials such as the thermosetting sheet moulding compounds (SMCs) [23]. Because it is thermoplastic, albeit loaded with glass fibre, pigment and antiflam agents, GMT is a candidate for the now fixed goal of the totally recyclable car.…”

Section: Polymer Processes As Ordered Sequences Of Basic Stepsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Where components do not have significant high-energy interactions with each other, it can be shown [22] that a useful surrogate criteria for miscibility is to require the solubility parameters d of the components to be reasonably similar, say, within 5 per cent [1]. The solubility parameter is a measured property, but the difference Dd may be modified theoretically to Dd e to cover the large class of molecule pairs that do have significant highenergy interactions [23]*. The ability of pairs of polymers to form solid alloys, i.e.…”

Section: Thermodynamics and The Processing Of Pvcmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scale, order and complexity in polymer processing

Bush

2000

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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From slow beginnings in the 1860s, the evolution of the polymer industry has been marked in the second half of the twentieth century by rapid increases in the scales of production, by increasing power to control order at the molecular level, and by the variety and complexity g of the resultant processes and products. The paper reviews some of the key developments over the last 100 years or so with a view to identifying themes likely to be of continuing importance in the new century.A general model for the cost of a processing technology is proposed in terms of the factors Q and g involved in producing a given artefact. Particular technologies are discussed in terms of the order in which basic processing functions are carried out. A major trend likely to continue into the twenty-first century is the way in which the supramolecular organization of the polymer chains is increasingly being brought under control, either directly by processing or indirectly by self-ordering properties of the polymers themselves. Self-organization of reinforcing fibres during processing to produce optimal performance of polymer composites is a parallel trend also likely to develop further into the next century. To illustrate these ideas the paper draws on examples from major polymer processes: extrusion, injection moulding, film blowing, reaction moulding, thermoforming, fibre making and coating.

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Partial Compatibility and the Formation of Thickened, Shrink-Resistant Thermoset Moulding Compounds

Cited by 5 publications

References 4 publications

Statistical thermodynamics evaluation of polymer–polymer miscibility

Statistical thermodynamics evaluation of polymer–polymer miscibility

Positive Deviations of the Modulus and Yield Strength of Blends Consisting of Partially Miscible Polymers

Scale, order and complexity in polymer processing

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