Partial Antagonism of Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anesthesia in Cheetah

Walzer, Chris; Huber, Christopher

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-38.2.468

Cited by 22 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…Anesthesia of babirusa (Babyrousa babyrussa) immobilized with TZ/X was effectively reversed with the combination of yohimbine and FLU at a ratio of 1 mg FLU to 20 mg zolazepam (James et al, 1999). Walzer and Huber (2002) reported partial antagonism of TZ-treated cheetahs using FLU and another benzodiazepine antagonist, sarmazenil.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Walzer and Huber (2002) believed that the effects of benzodiazepine antagonists could not be predicted for different species immobilized with TZ. We did not find any reference for using FLU in cervids; however, the recovery of TZ/X-treated red deer (Cervus elaphus hippelaphus) was not hastened by the use of another benzodiazepine antagonist, samarzenil (Janovsky et al, 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tiletamine is a cyclohexanone dissociative anesthetic with no known antagonist. Zolazepam, a benzodiazepine, has been successfully antagonized with flumazenil (FLU) and sarmazenil (Spelman et al, 1997;James et al, 1999;Walzer and Huber, 2002). There have been no published reports of the use of FLU or sarmazenil in white-tailed deer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of Antagonists for Tiletamine-Zolazepam/Xylazine Immobilization in Female White-Tailed Deer

Miller

Muller

Doherty

et al. 2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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A combination of tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine (TZ/X) is effective in the chemical immobilization of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus); however, the lengthy duration of immobilization may limit its usefulness. From October to November 2002, 21 captive female deer were assigned randomly to an ␣ 2 antagonist treatment to reverse xylazine-induced sedation (seven does per group). All deer were given 220 mg of TZ (4.5Ϯ0.4 mg/kg) and 110 mg of X (2.2Ϯ0.2 mg/kg) intramuscularly (IM). Antagonist treatments were either 200 mg of tolazoline (4.0Ϯ0.4 mg/kg), 11 mg of atipamezole (0.23Ϯ0.02 mg/kg), or 15 mg of yohimbine (0.30Ϯ0.02 mg/kg) injected, half intravenously and half subcutaneously, 45 min after the IM TZ/X injection. In addition, 10 other deer (five per group) were immobilized as before and then given tolazoline (200 mg) after 45 min, with either a carrier (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) or carrier (DMSO) plus flumazenil (5 mg) to reverse the zolazepam portion of TZ. Mean times from antagonist injection until a deer raised its head were different for ␣ 2 antagonist treatments (Pϭ0.02). Times were longer for yohimbine (62.3Ϯ42.7 min) than for either atipamezole (24.3Ϯ17.1 min) or tolazoline (21.3Ϯ14.3 min). Mean times from antagonist injection until standing were not different (Pϭ0.15) among yohimbine (112.0Ϯ56.4 min), atipamezole (89.7Ϯ62.8 min), or tolazoline (52.6Ϯ37.2 min). A sedation score based on behavioral criteria was assigned to each deer every 30 min for 5 hr. On the basis of sedation scores, tolazoline resulted in a faster and more complete reversal of immobilization. Flumazenil treatment did not affect recovery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effectiveness of Antagonists for Tiletamine-Zolazepam/Xylazine Immobilization in Female White-Tailed Deer

Miller

Muller

Doherty

et al. 2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Induction is rapid but recovery is usually prolonged. The recovery period can be shortened by reversing the effects of zolazepam with a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, such as flumazenil or sarmazenil, as described in lions and cheetahs (Stander & Morkel, 1991;Walzer & Huber, 2002).…”

Section: Primates and Carnivoresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of a Portable Oxygen Concentrator with Pulsed Delivery for Treatment of Hypoxemia During Anesthesia of Wildlife

Fahlman¹,

Caulkett²,

Arnemo³

et al. 2012

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Improvement of chemical capture is an important part of wildlife conservation and animal welfare to minimise distress for the animals and the risk of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this thesis was to improve wildlife immobilisation and anaesthesia by studying physiological variables and clinically evaluate different drug combinations and methods of capture in selected species. Reversible anaesthetic protocols were developed for use in free-ranging lions and four species of SouthEast Asian primates. Capture and anaesthesia of free-ranging wolverines, brown bears, black and white rhinoceros were physiologically evaluated. The effect of intranasal oxygen supplementation on arterial oxygenation was assessed in brown bears and rhinoceros. Partial reversal of the opioid effect and different body positions were evaluated in rhinoceros.Capture methods used included darting from a helicopter or the ground, and physical restraint followed by drug injection. Medetomidine-ketamine was used in wolverines and medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine in primates, lions and brown bears. Rhinoceros were immobilised with a combination of an opioid, azaperone and an alpha 2 -agonist. Body temperature and cardiorespiratory variables were monitored in all animals. Arterial blood samples were analysed to interpret pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base status in carnivores and rhinoceros.Low doses of medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine rapidly anaesthetised primates and lions, and reversal with atipamezole resulted in a smooth and calm recovery. Physiological alterations varied with different protocols and species and included changes in body temperature, respiratory and heart rates, gas exchange and acid-base balance. Hypoxaemia was recorded in all rhinoceros and most carnivore species. The major contributor to hypoxaemia was likely ventilation-perfusion mismatch including shunt. In rhinoceros, hypoventilation contributed to an impaired gas exchange and the animals remained hypoxaemic despite partial reversal. However, in black rhinoceros arterial oxygenation was higher during sternal compared to lateral recumbency. Capture-induced lactic acidaemia was recorded in carnivores and rhinoceros. Intranasal oxygen supplementation improved arterial oxygenation.In conclusion, this thesis increases the understanding of the effects of capture and anaesthesia in several wildlife species. Physiological derangements were identified, potential causative factors were investigated and methods for improvement were evaluated.

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“…It seems unclear whether flumazenil is necessary in lions to fully reverse the effects of BMM, and due to the cost of flumazenil, this factor has to be considered when working with such large animals. Sarmazenil, a benzodiazepine antagonist, has been used successfully to antagonise the effects of zolazepam in cheetahs and lions (Stander & Morkel 1991;Walzer & Huber 2002) and could therefore be a valuable alternative to flumazenil (Walzer & Huber 2002). Further studies in lions are needed to assess if reversal with flumazenil is necessary and if lower doses of naltrexone could be used.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of butorphanol, medetomidine and midazolam as a reversible narcotic combination in free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo)

Wenger

Buss

Joubert

et al. 2010

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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Partial Antagonism of Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anesthesia in Cheetah

Cited by 22 publications

References 11 publications

Effectiveness of Antagonists for Tiletamine-Zolazepam/Xylazine Immobilization in Female White-Tailed Deer

Effectiveness of Antagonists for Tiletamine-Zolazepam/Xylazine Immobilization in Female White-Tailed Deer

Efficacy of a Portable Oxygen Concentrator with Pulsed Delivery for Treatment of Hypoxemia During Anesthesia of Wildlife

Evaluation of butorphanol, medetomidine and midazolam as a reversible narcotic combination in free-ranging African lions (Panthera leo)

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