Part‐time employment in the Soviet Union

Economic crises and wellbeing: Social norms and home production

“…For example, using household level survey data collected in 1989,Katz (2001) calculates female/male wageratios of 66% for monthly and 73% for hourly wages.10 Grogan and Koka (2010) show that in Russia in 1992, there was no association between the probability of a woman being a labour force participant and her having a child under age 3. However, by 2004, having children under age 3 had become associated with significantly reduced participation and employment probabilities.11 Part-time employment was sparse in the Soviet Union with less than 1% of all workers doing part time work (seeMoskoff (1982)). 12 In Russia in 1992, subsidies to state-owned firms accounted for 28.7% of GDP(World Bank, 1992), and enterprises retained some access to credit.…”