Part I: Background and Clinical Considerations for Stress Fractures in Female Military Recruits

Abstract

Introduction Stress fractures (SFx) represent a significant proportion of musculoskeletal injuries in military recruits internationally. Incidence rates as high as 40% have been reported, varying by country and branch of military cohorts. Tibial SFx are the most common, followed by other lower extremity sites, and are related to the emphasis on running during training. SFx disproportionately affect female recruits, similarly to a disparity demonstrated in female athletes. Methods A literature review of articles relevant to our review was conducted using PubMed, utilizing keywords stress fracture, military, recruits, diagnosis, management, treatment, prevention, epidemiology, background, and/or female. Articles older than 10 years old (prior to 2010) were not considered. Review articles were considered, but if a research article was cited by a review, the research was included directly. Articles with primary military data, members of the military as subjects, especially when female recruits were included, were strongly considered for inclusion in this review. Results SFx can cause medical morbidity and financial burden and can require discharge from military service. SFx management in the military has cost the United States approximately $100 million annually, which may be underestimated due to lost duty hours or medical discharge with resulting compensation. However, SFx incidence rates have been demonstrated to be reducible with concerted efforts in military cohorts. Conclusion This review, Part I of a two-part series, provides updated information for multidisciplinary management of SFx in female military recruits. There are many similarities to management in athletes, but unique nuances of the military recruit require specific knowledge to reduce the high incidence rates of injury.

Advancing Exoskeleton Development: Validation of a Robotic Surrogate to Measure Tibial Strain

“…Strain Scaling Evaluation: For AS, ten minima and ten maxima were extracted from (cycles [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] for each of the six trials, for each anatomical load condition (35%, 37.5%, and 50%) with the standard issue boot. The mean and standard deviation of AS minima and maxima were measured for all five sensor locations across all anatomical loads for all six trials.…”

“…Furthermore, the tibia/fibula was the most affected anatomical site, with BSI incidence rates of 13.21% and 29.8% among male and female recruits, respectively [1,3]. Conventional management of BSIs requires a prolonged period of recovery and activity modification, lasting anywhere from 4-18 weeks [1,11,12], which equates to an average of 85 lost duty days for military personnel [13]. BSIs are responsible for more lost duty days and delayed training than any other training-related injury [3] and pose a significant threat to military readiness [11].…”

Early protection against bone stress injuries by mobilization of endogenous targeted bone remodeling

“… 11 , 12 The prevalence of bone stress injuries not only lowers the training effectiveness for both soldiers and athletes but also places a heavy burden on medical care. Moreover, individuals with a history of bone stress injuries have a 5-fold greater risk of recurrence, 13 , 14 which may result in longer-term rehabilitation and even permanent disability.…”