Part Four. The Estonians

Raun, Toivo U.

doi:10.1515/9781400857180.285

Cited by 5 publications

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“…The unification of the German empire and the continuing germanization of Latvians and Estonians troubled the administration and the authorities made repeated efforts to expand Russian-language education in the Baltic provinces. These attempts, however, made little progress due to the scarcity of resources and local resistance: in 1880 less than a half of the township schools in Estland and Livland offered Russian as a subject (Haltzel 1981;Raun 1981). Only when Alexander III (1881-1894) came to power did the enforcement of Russian become systematic: Russian began replacing German as the main language of administration (1882-1889), court proceedings (1889-1992), secondary schools (1887-1892) and higher education, with Dorpat University transformed into a Russian-language Iur'ev University (1889-1895) (Belikov and Krysin 2001;Haltzel 1981;O'Connor 2003;Thaden 1974).…”

Section: Expanding Russification: 1863-1905mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Expanding Russification: 1863-1905mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authorities also had a shortage of school inspectors: in 1891, the three Baltic provinces had only 10 inspectors, some of them responsible for as many as 400 schools (Raun 1981). As a result, in some institutions, such as the Polytechnical Institute of Riga, some professors continued to lecture in German; while in rural schools many teachers were simply unable to use Russian as the language of instruction (Haltzel 1981;Plakans 1981;Raun 1981). The declining quality of instruction in some schools led to declining attendance, with parents opting for alternative modes of delivery: home instruction, private instructional circles, and, for wealthier families, German-language schools in St. Petersburg, Moscow, or Germany (Haltzel 1981;Henriksson 1993;Raun 1981).…”

Section: Expanding Russification: 1863-1905mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As O'Connor (2003, 53) points out, "to some extent Russification came to the Latvian and Estonian lands by invitation": many saw Russians as an ally in their struggle against the Baltic German elite, and so first Estonian peasants (1862) and then Latvian ones (1882) petitioned the tsar to extend the Russian reforms to the Baltic region in order to curb the influence of the Germans (see also Plakans 1981;Raun 1981). The knowledge of the Russian language offered greater economic opportunities to the lower classes, a demonstration of competence in Russian also shortened military service (Raun 1981). It is not surprising then that Latvian newspapers initially welcomed the changes, while textbooks for self-instruction in Russian went through multiple printings (Plakans 1981).…”

Section: Expanding Russification: 1863-1905mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Linguistic russification in the Russian Empire: peasants into Russians?

Pavlenko

2011

Russ Linguist

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The purpose of this paper is to question the traditional view of tsarist language management as a conscious, consistent and long-lasting policy of linguistic russification and denationalization and to consider the actual policies, their context, and impact. Drawing on recent historiographies, I will show that the Russian administration had no unified language policy: its strategies varied significantly across time periods and geographic regions and were mediated by political, ethnic, religious, and class concerns. When russification policies were adopted, the key aim was to establish the dominance of Russian as a high language over Polish, German, and Tatar. At the same time, the authorities never created a comprehensive primary education system and, as a result, failed to spread Russian to the majority of non-Russian peasants. Ethnic elites adopted Russian as an additional language, yet this adoption did not increase their loyalty to the empire: the key outcome of russification policies was the mobilization of emerging national movements.Аннотация Главная задача данной статьи-поставить под вопрос традиционную трактовку имперской языковой политики как сознательной, последовательной, и долговременной политики языковой руссификации и денационализации и рас-смотреть имперские языковые законы и их конечный результат в историческом контексте. Опираясь на современные исторические исследования, я покажу, что имперская администрация не имела единого подхода к языковым вопросам: курс ее политики менялся в зависимости от исторического периода и географического положения региона и находился под влиянием политических, этнических, религиоз-ных, и социальных факторов. В ситуациях, где применялась политика руссификации, ее целью было установление доминации русского языка как языка культуры над польским, немецким, и татарским языками. В то же время, имперская администрация не смогла распространить начальное обучение на всей территории империи и, в результате, не смогла донести русский язык до большинства нерусских крестьян. Члены национальных элит выучили русский как дополнительный язык, но это не A. Pavlenko ( ) 332 A. Pavlenko усилило их лояльность по отношению к империи: главным результатом царской языковой политики была мобилизация национального народного движения.

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Section: Expanding Russification: 1863-1905mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Expanding Russification: 1863-1905mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Expanding Russification: 1863-1905mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Expanding Russification: 1863-1905mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Linguistic russification in the Russian Empire: peasants into Russians?

Pavlenko

2011

Russ Linguist

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“…14 The reviewer refers to the conflict between the two figures of the Estonian national movement and editors-in-chief of competing newspapers, Carl Robert Jakobson and Ado Grenzstein, in which the former represented more radical nationalism and the latter a more lenient course (see Raun 1981).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing Setos on Stage: On the Early Performances of Seto Singing Culture

Kalkun¹

2017

FEJF

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Abstract:The article introduces the choirs who were active in Räpina Parish, south-eastern Estonia, in the late nineteenth century, and toured Estonian towns with their concerts in which they impersonated Setos. The performances of the "Setos" were entertaining or commercial, and humorous dialogues and plays in the Seto language 1 or its imitation were as important as the music at these performances. The "Setos" and the "Seto language" were presented to the audiences as a curiosity next to other entertaining attractions. The performances of Seto culture by men from Räpina Parish followed the traditional models of representing exotic cultures at the time. On the one hand, the peculiar construction of Seto culture by the "Setos" from Räpina represented a revival of the imagined past and, on the other hand, it was a demonstration of ethnic culture foreshadowing the modern folklore movement in the commercial space between folk tradition and elite culture. The early performances of the Seto singing culture represent the searches coinciding with the period of national awakening in Estonia and the curious detours from own national heritage to explore the close Others, the Seto people, though in a very peculiar manner.

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Social Welfare Provision at the Imperial Edge: Single Mothers and Abandoned Children in the Late Russian Empire

Hearne

2022

Gender & History

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This article looks to the societal and imperial margins to examine attitudes towards social welfare provision in the final decades of the Russian Empire. Drawing on archival material from the Empire's Estliand province (now northern Estonia), the article focuses on the self-representation of single mothers and official discussions of abandoned children. Society was in flux in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as rapid industrialisation, urbanisation and rural-to-urban migration served to undermine traditional social structures, mentalities and identities. These changes were accompanied by the disruption of the traditional patriarchal gender order, as well shifting ideas about who ought to be responsible for taking care of vulnerable groups. In rural Estliand, Estonian-speaking unmarried women sought engagement with Russian imperial judicial structures to secure child maintenance. In the early 1900s, anxieties about the social impacts of rapid urbanisation and industrialisation and the development of new currents in philanthropy, meant that care for foundlings and abandoned children became a burning issue in the minds of Estliand's provincial officials. Examining single mothers and child abandonment in Estliand illuminates tensions between empire-wide and local mechanisms for dealing with social issues, as well as shifting attitudes to gender, the family and charity in light of urbanisation and modernisation.In December 1910, a ticket inspector discovered an unaccompanied new-born baby in one of the third-class cars on the Pskov-Riga railway, a railroad line that cut through the region of the Russian Empire that comprises present-day Estonia. 1 The local police searched for the baby's mother and found Liza Laiden, who hailed from the Estonian countryside. Laiden admitted that she had given birth that day in a nearby town, but since the child was 'illegitimate' (nezakonnyi, literally translated as 'illegal') and the father refused to provide financial support, she made the snap decision to leave the child on the train in the hope that somebody else would take him to a foundling home. Laiden's child would have been classed as illegitimate under Russian imperial law because he had been conceived through the crime of fornication, defined in the criminal code as consensual sexual intercourse between heterosexual unmarried partners. 2 This article focuses on the two groups in the above case, single mothers and abandoned infants, to examine shifting perceptions about whose responsibility it was to take care of vulnerable groups in the final decades of the Russian Empire before its collapse in 1917. Taking the case study of Estliand province (Estliandskaia guberniia,

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Part Four. The Estonians

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Linguistic russification in the Russian Empire: peasants into Russians?

Linguistic russification in the Russian Empire: peasants into Russians?

Introducing Setos on Stage: On the Early Performances of Seto Singing Culture

Social Welfare Provision at the Imperial Edge: Single Mothers and Abandoned Children in the Late Russian Empire

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