Part 2: Interventions With Children After Disasters

Vernberg, Eric M.; Vogel, Juliet M.

doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2204_8

Cited by 84 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Reports about frightening and life-threatening events that occur during natural disasters, and the loss and disruption that follow such disasters are two aspects of exposure that are most frequently associated with children s post-disaster reactions (Vernberg & Vogel, 1993). However, McFarlane (1987) found that separation from parents immediately after a natural disaster and altered family functioning after a natural disaster were direct causes of symptom development in children, more so their exposure to the disaster or loss from it.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of age-related differences in post-traumatic stress symptomatology caused by disasters have been proposed on the basis of developmental differences. These differences include children s abilities to comprehend the nature of traumatic events, developmental change in coping skills, and differences in their access to social support (Vernberg & Vogel, 1993). Age and gender related differences in post-traumatic stress symptoms have shown to be significant in youngsters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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PTSD Symptoms in Elementary School Children After Typhoon Rusa

Lee

Kim

et al. 2004

J Korean Acad Nurs

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Purpose. A natural disaster negatively affects children's emotional and behavioral adjustment. The purpose of this paper was to examine the prevalence, symptoms, and correlates of PTSD after the occurrence of Typhoon Rusa.Method. 261 elementary school children living in Kimcheon, which was a devastated rural area in South Korea by Typhoon Rusa, were selected. Data were collected 4 months after the disaster using the PTSD Reaction Index categories recommended by Frederick, severity of PTSD.Results. 12.3% of the children had either moderate or severe PTSD symptoms; 22.7% reported mild symptoms; and the remaining 65% had sub-clinical symptoms of PTSD. The most frequent symptom was recurrenct fear(67.0%). 13% to 17.2% of children exhibited difficulty in concentration, sleep disturbance, and guilt feeling. The regression model of severity of PTSD was composed of the level of exposure to traumatic experiences, grade in school, gender, negative coping style, and social support, and explained 34.3% for PTSD symptoms. Exposure to traumatic experiences was the strongest factor of all predictors. Conclusion.Emotional support from friends and coping style were correlated with PTSD severity. School-based interventions that emphasizes coping with disaster related problems and problem-solving may prove to be useful, and may aid in building close and supportive ties with teachers, classmates, and friends.Key Words: Children, PTSD, Natural disaster informing efforts have been limited. Up to date, there have not been any studies in South Korea about posttraumatic stress disorder in children who have experienced such a disaster.Several investigations have reported the incidence of PTSD symptoms and diagnosis in children. In a large sample of school-age children who experienced a forest fire, over 50% of their parents reported PTSD symptoms at 2 months after the accident, and 33% of them reported PTSD symptoms after 2 years (McFarlane, 1987). However, most studies have not directly focused on the presence or absence of the diagnosis of PTSD and it is still unclear whether children who were exposed to disaster experience all of the PTSD symptoms.The essential feature of PTSD is developing characteristic symptoms after a traumatic event (Green, 1991). These symptoms involve the following three clusters: persistent re-experiencing of the stressor (e.g., recurrent thoughts or dreams of the disaster), persistent avoidance of reminders of the event and numbing of general responsiveness (e.g., avoidance of disaster-related activities, and feeling of detachment), and persistent symptoms of hyper-arousal (e.g., experience difficulties in sleeping or concentrating). When children are repetitively exposed to traumatic events, generalized nightmares, psychosomatic symptoms (e.g., headaches, stomach aches), and foreboding omens may occur.This study was done to identify the PTSD symptoms of children caused by a natural disaster and diverse factors that are related to these symptoms by examining 261 elementary school children in Kimcheon, 4 month...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PTSD Symptoms in Elementary School Children After Typhoon Rusa

Lee

Kim

et al. 2004

J Korean Acad Nurs

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“…In addition, for those children who were in school before the disaster, recommencing school sends children the message that they are expected to resume their normal roles as students, providing positive expectations for adaptation (Vernberg and Vogel, 1993). Recognising the importance of routines, Omer and Alon (1994) have proposed the 'continuity principle', which stipulates that throughout all stages of a disaster, interventions should aim to preserve and restore continuities disrupted by the event.…”

Section: As Soon As Resources Permit Children and Adolescents Have Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Children and the Sphere standard on mental and social aspects of health

et al. 2007

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“…To date, there is a paucity of controlled treatment outcome studies in children or adolescents after disasters (6,7). After the 1980 earthquake in Italy, Galante and Foa used monthly structured classroom interventions over 1 academic year and reported a reduction in earthquake-related fears (8).…”

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confidence: 99%

Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after trauma

1997

AJP

301

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O n December 7, 1988, an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.9 on the Richter scale struck Armenia (population 3.5 million). It caused the destruction of four cities and 350 villages and killed at least 25,000 people in a region populated by approximately 550,000 people. The second largest city of Armenia, Gumri, was 20 miles from the epicenter. At least 18,000 people (7% of the city's total population) were killed in this city. Approximately 50% of the buildings in Gumri were destroyed. The earthquake occurred late in the morning when children and adolescents were in school. Nearly all of the children experienced extreme direct threats to their life and were exposed to horrifying sights and sounds during the earthquake and for several days thereafter.The literature indicates that there can be serious and long-lasting psychiatric consequences among children and adolescents after natural and man-made disasters (1-3). Our previous studies in Armenia have documented severe posttraumatic reactions and high rates of comorbid depression 1 1 ⁄2 years after the earthquake among children and adolescents in cities that were close to the epicenter (4, 5). The severity of their symptoms was attributable to extreme disaster-related experiences during, and in the aftermath of, the earthquake. Such findings indicate the need for provision of mental health services.To date, there is a paucity of controlled treatment outcome studies in children or adolescents after disasters (6, 7). After the 1980 earthquake in Italy, Galante and Foa used monthly structured classroom interventions over 1 academic year and reported a reduction in earthquake-related fears (8). This study did not specifically measure posttraumatic stress or depressive reactions. Yule (2) reported results of cognitive-behavioral treatment among girls after the sinking of the cruise ship Jupiter. After 5-9 months, the group who received treatment had lower scores on the Impact of Event Scale and on a fear survey. These findings would have been more definitive had the baseline scores for subjects not given treatment been included in a treatment-by-time interaction analysis.The Psychiatric Outreach Program of the Armenian

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Part 2: Interventions With Children After Disasters

Cited by 84 publications

References 34 publications

PTSD Symptoms in Elementary School Children After Typhoon Rusa

PTSD Symptoms in Elementary School Children After Typhoon Rusa

Children and the Sphere standard on mental and social aspects of health

Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after trauma

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