Parrots Take it with a Grain of Salt: Available Sodium Content May Drive <i>Collpa</i> (Clay Lick) Selection in Southeastern Peru

Powell, Luke L.; Powell, Thomas Underhill; Powell, George; Brightsmith, Donald J.

doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2009.00514.x

Cited by 47 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…However, local historic, geological, biotic, or anthropogenic factors may create important sources of Na in otherwise Na-poor environments. These include salt or clay licks (Tracy and McNaughton, 1995;Dormaar and Walker, 1996;Powell et al, 2009), urine (McNaughton et al, 1997, and road salts (Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 2001;Kaspari et al, 2010). Larger animals such as sheep are able to travel to reliable salt licks (Poole and Bachmann, 2008), but smaller organisms like consumers of the brown food web (BFW) likely rely on patchy and ephemeral Na subsidies such as urine, feces and corpses.…”

Section: Q1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term sodium inputs attract microbi-detritivores and their predators

Clay

Yanoviak

Kaspari

2014

Soil Biology and Biochemistry

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Section: Q1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term sodium inputs attract microbi-detritivores and their predators

Clay

Yanoviak

Kaspari

2014

Soil Biology and Biochemistry

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“…Some eco-tourist lodges have specialised in focusing exclusively on parrots, such as the Macaw licks in Peru. These particular claylicks in Peru attract Macaws on a daily basis in order for these parrots to obtain sodium that they lack in their vegetarian diet (Powell et al 2009). Such eco-tourist establishments have built a business around a species' daily activity in order to guarantee tourists an up-close view of a species that is notoriously difficult to spot in the wild (Pires and Clarke In Press a).…”

Section: The Illegal Parrot Tradementioning

confidence: 98%

Preventing Wildlife Crimes: Solutions That Can Overcome the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’

Pires

Moreto

2011

Eur J Crim Policy Res

127

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The 'tragedy of the commons' dilemma occurs when individuals working independently of one another, will overuse a common-property resource for short-term benefits while decimating the resource for long-term use (Hardin 1968). This is often found in the field of wildlife crimes where species become overexploited to increase short-term profits while endangering and eliminating a natural resource for future users. Wildlife crimes suffering from the 'tragedy' need to be prevented in order for species to avoid extinction while also conserving a natural resource that monetarily benefits numerous people and their respective communities. Current approaches to the illegal wildlife trade include implementing trade bans or regulatory schemes at the national and international level, yet their effectiveness of reducing the trade is unknown. Perhaps, a better approach in reducing the illegal wildlife trade is a combination of making it more difficult to poach (i.e. situational crime prevention) and incentivizing locals to abstain from poaching. This paper will first review the literature on wildlife crimes and then use a case study approach that will examine the literature on the illegal parrot trade, the market for wildlife skins, and over-fishing. Through these case studies, a comprehensive review of the problem will be detailed as well as innovative conservation solutions that show promise in reducing the poaching and exploitation of species. Amongst these solutions will be the use of situational crime prevention that has shown immediate reductions in crime when tailored towards highly-targeted areas and crimes.

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“…Because nutrient availability regulates ecosystem processes and functions, the changes currently affecting the nitrogen and phosphorus budgets are expected to have wide-reaching impacts in forest ecosystem structure and diversity (Bobbink et al, 2010;Homeier et al, 2012;Matson et al, 2014;Peñue-las et al, 2013;Pett-Ridge, 2009;Wang et al, 2014;Wilcke et al, 2013). The role of sea salt availability has very recently gained attentions, as it has been found to condition the behaviour of herbivores, in addition to affecting carbon cycling and organic matter decomposition in tropical ecosystems (Dudley et al, 2012;Kaspari et al, 2008Kaspari et al, , 2009Powell et al, 2009;Voigt et al, 2008). At the western rim of the Amazon forest, in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, there is evidence that herbivorous and frugivorous birds and mammals visit mineral licks to compensate for low sodium concentration in plant and fruit tissues (Lee et al, 2009;Lizcano and Cavelier, 2004;Powell et al, 2009;Voigt et al, 2008).…”

Section: S Makowski Giannoni Et Al: Atmospheric Deposition Of Sea Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The role of sea salt availability has very recently gained attentions, as it has been found to condition the behaviour of herbivores, in addition to affecting carbon cycling and organic matter decomposition in tropical ecosystems (Dudley et al, 2012;Kaspari et al, 2008Kaspari et al, , 2009Powell et al, 2009;Voigt et al, 2008). At the western rim of the Amazon forest, in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, there is evidence that herbivorous and frugivorous birds and mammals visit mineral licks to compensate for low sodium concentration in plant and fruit tissues (Lee et al, 2009;Lizcano and Cavelier, 2004;Powell et al, 2009;Voigt et al, 2008). Furthermore, some taxa of arthropod have reportedly begun practicing geophagy to deal with salt scarcity in plants (Kaspari et al, 2008).…”

Section: S Makowski Giannoni Et Al: Atmospheric Deposition Of Sea Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this particular purpose we used source-receptor modelling, as it has been successfully applied to determine likely geographic origins of pollutants and aerosols (e.g. Fleming et al, 2012;Hsu et al, 2003;Powell et al, 2009;Riuttanen et al, 2013;Robinson et al, 2011). Here, two different hybrid receptor models were used for comparison: the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and the adjusted concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) running on a grid that covers the domain of the 2192 generated trajectories between 2004 and 2009.…”

Section: Back-trajectory and Source-receptor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Atmospheric salt deposition in a tropical mountain rainforest at the eastern Andean slopes of south Ecuador – Pacific or Atlantic origin?

Giannoni¹,

Trachte²,

Rollenbeck³

et al. 2016

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Sea salt (NaCl) has recently been proven to be of the utmost importance for ecosystem functioning in Amazon lowland forests because of its impact on herbivory, litter decomposition and, thus, carbon cycling. Sea salt deposition should generally decline as distance from its marine source increases. For the Amazon, a negative east-west gradient of sea salt availability is assumed as a consequence of the barrier effect of the Andes Mountains for Pacific air masses. However, this generalized pattern may not hold for the tropical mountain rainforest in the Andes of southern Ecuador. To analyse sea salt availability, we investigated the deposition of sodium (Na + ) and chloride (Cl − ), which are good proxies of sea spray aerosol. Because of the complexity of the terrain and related cloud and rain formation processes, sea salt deposition was analysed from both, rain and occult precipitation (OP) along an altitudinal gradient over a period between 2004 and 2009. To assess the influence of easterly and westerly air masses on the deposition of sodium and chloride over southern Ecuador, sea salt aerosol concentration data from the Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate (MACC) reanalysis data set and back-trajectory statistical methods were combined. Our results, based on deposition time series, show a clear difference in the temporal variation of sodium and chloride concentration and Na + / Cl − ratio in relation to height and exposure to winds. At higher elevations, sodium and chloride present a higher seasonality and the Na + / Cl − ratio is closer to that of sea salt. Mediumto long-range sea salt transport exhibited a similar seasonality, which shows the link between our measurements at high elevations and the sea salt synoptic transport. Although the influence of the easterlies was predominant regarding the atmospheric circulation, the statistical analysis of trajectories and hybrid receptor models revealed a stronger impact of the north equatorial Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific sea salt sources on the atmospheric sea salt concentration in southern Ecuador. The highest concentration in rain and cloud water was found between September and February when air masses originated from the north equatorial Atlantic, the Caribbean Sea and the equatorial Pacific. Together, these sources accounted for around 82.4 % of the sea salt budget over southern Ecuador.

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Parrots Take it with a Grain of Salt: Available Sodium Content May Drive Collpa (Clay Lick) Selection in Southeastern Peru

Cited by 47 publications

References 22 publications

Short-term sodium inputs attract microbi-detritivores and their predators

Short-term sodium inputs attract microbi-detritivores and their predators

Preventing Wildlife Crimes: Solutions That Can Overcome the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’

Atmospheric salt deposition in a tropical mountain rainforest at the eastern Andean slopes of south Ecuador – Pacific or Atlantic origin?

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