Parotid fluid cortisol and cortisone

Katz, Fred H.; Shannon, Ira L.

doi:10.1172/jci106042

Cited by 55 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…During surgical preparations, denial of the impending procedure may have been impossible, causing coping mechanisms to fail and plasma cortisol levels to increase greatly. In the present study measurements of salivary cortisol reflected the plasma levels, as has been shown in previous studies (21,22), suggesting that salivary measures can be satisfactorily substituted for plasma assays of cortisol.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Hormonal Responses to Psychological Stress in Men Preparing for Skydiving¹

Chatterton¹,

Vogelsong²,

Lu³

et al. 1997

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

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The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the hormonal and psychological responses of young men about to engage in a potentially life-threatening event. Subjects were recruited to take their first skydiving jump. The scores on questionnaires designed to assess anxiety were not significantly increased at 0800 h on the morning before the jump by comparison with scores obtained from the same subjects 3-5 days previously. However, a psychological instrument for rating of events indicated significantly increased intensity, and sympathetic nervous system activity, as measured by the salivary amylase response, was increased over self-control values. Salivary cortisol and testosterone levels were significantly lower on the morning of the jump than self-control values and values in control subjects determined at the same time of day. However, plasma LH was not suppressed. The anxiety and stress measures as well as the rating of events rose to high levels just before the jump. With the exception of testosterone, which remained low, serum cortisol, PRL, and GH all increased greatly subsequent to the rise in psychological measures, reached peak values before or shortly after landing, and declined significantly within the next hour. Anxiety and subjective stress scores declined to those of the self-control values within 15 min after landing, but the rating of events scale remained significantly elevated. In summary, reported anxiety associated with a purely psychological stressor was suppressed until within a few hours preceding the event, but was preceded by an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity and suppression of plasma cortisol and salivary testosterone levels. The event itself was associated with a reversal of the cortisol decline; other stress-associated hormones increased, but salivary testosterone remained low. (J Clin Endocrinol

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Hormonal Responses to Psychological Stress in Men Preparing for Skydiving¹

Chatterton¹,

Vogelsong²,

Lu³

et al. 1997

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

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“…92 In studies using mass spec trometry, a very close corre lation has been shown between salivary cortisol levels and free serum cortisol concentrations before and after adrenal stimulation, and also following intra venous hydrocortisone administration in groups of patients with a wide range of serum cortisol-binding capacities (for example, patients with high CBG levels due to oestro gen treatment, patients homozygous for a nonfunctional CBG variant and healthy volunteers); the increase in salivary cortisol levels following adrenal stimulation was higher than that observed in total serum cortisol concentration. 49,[93][94][95][96] The idea that cortisol concentrations in saliva merely result from passive diffusion was subsequently challenged, mainly because of two distinct phenomena: firstly, the expression of 11β-HSD2 by the parotid glands 16 and, secondly, evidence that CBG is present in saliva at low concentrations, 97,98 although changes in CBG con centration do not have a detectable effect on salivary cortisol levels. 41,99,100 11β-HSD2 is probably a key determinant of salivary cortisol concentrations.…”

Section: Salivary Cortisol and Cortisonementioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of cortisol bioavailability—effects on hormone measurement and action

2012

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Routine assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis relies on the measurement of total serum cortisol levels. However, most cortisol in serum is bound to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) and albumin, and changes in the structure or circulating levels of binding proteins markedly affect measured total serum cortisol levels. Furthermore, high-affinity binding to CBG is predicted to affect the availability of cortisol for the glucocorticoid receptor. CBG is a substrate for activated neutrophil elastase, which cleaves the binding protein and results in the release of cortisol at sites of inflammation, enhancing its tissue-specific anti-inflammatory effects. Further tissue-specific modulation of cortisol availability is conferred by corticosteroid 11β-dehydrogenase. Direct assessment of tissue levels of bioavailable cortisol is not clinically practicable and measurement of total serum cortisol levels is of limited value in clinical conditions that alter prereceptor glucocorticoid bioavailability. Bioavailable cortisol can, however, be measured indirectly at systemic, extracellular tissue and cell levels, using novel techniques that have provided new insight into the transport, metabolism and biological action of glucocorticoids. A more physiologically informative approach is, therefore, now possible in the assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which could prove useful in clinical practice.

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“…The single physiological consideration that has been found capable of distorting salivary steroid levels relative to free plasma levels is the metabolism of steroids within the salivary gland. Katz and Shannon, whose work in the 60s pioneered the study of salivary steroids, identified the presence of 11-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the parotids (Katz and Shannon, 1969;Ferguson and MacPhee, 1975), a n enzyme responsible for converting cortisol to cortisone, which is normally a negligible steroid in humans. This problem has not appeared to affect the utility of salivary cortisol assays, however (cf.…”

Section: Physiological Basis For Salivary Steroid Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human salivary steroids: Methodological considerations and applications in physical anthropology

Ellison

1988

Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.

136

111

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The measurement of steroid hormones in saliva presents a number of attractive opportunities to physical anthropologists and human biologists in areas including reproductive ecology, growth and development, behavioral physiology, and nutrition. Among the key advantages of salivary steroid assays, as opposed to plasma or urinary assays, are the noninvasive and nondisruptive nature of sample collection. Significant disadvantages exist as well, stemming from the increased level of assay sensitivity required and the need for carefully controlled sample collection. Methodological aspects of research design, sample collection and handling, and data analysis and interpretation in the use of salivary steroid assays are discussed in detail, with special attention given to commonly overlooked but potentially crucial considerations. A review of potential applications within physical anthropology includes the use of testosterone assays in studies of male reproductive function and aggressive behavior; the use of adrenal androgen assays in studies of human growth and maturation; the use of cortisol assays in studies of stress physiology and limbic system arousal; and the use of ovarian steroids in studies of female reproductive function.Steroids, as a class of biologically active molecules, are among the most potent and pervasive regulators of vertebrate physiology. They help to regulate basic energy metabolism, both catabolic mobilization of energy and anabolic accumulation of tissue; they serve as primary regulators of adolescent growth and reproductive maturation; they directly determine primary and secondary sex characters; they are crucial in the regulation of adult reproductive function; and they help regulate mineral and electrolyte balance. They are also implicated in the control of libido, aggression, maternal behavior, stress, learning, personality development, and psychopathology. Along with primary sites of production in the gonads and adrenals, and sites of peripheral conversion throughout the body, including skin, muscles, adipose tissue, kidneys, lungs, and liver, they appear also to be synthesized directly in the brain (Le Goascogne et al., 1987). As a group, steroids readily permeate the blood-brain barrier and thus provide one of the primary links between systemic physiology and the central nervous system. It is little wonder, then, that steroids have been the object of intense scientific interest, that several primary research journals restrict themselves exclusively to the chemistry and biology of steroids, or that research reports focusing on steroid physiology are found in journals from fields as diverse as nutrition, psychology, neuroscience, anthropology, social deviance, and child development.The great proliferation of research into steroid physiology dates from the development of reliable assay methods in the 1960s. Berson and Yallow's Nobel Prizewinning technique of radioimmunoassay allowed accurate measurement of circulating steroids in serum and urine. Later outgrowths of this technique all...

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Parotid fluid cortisol and cortisone

Cited by 55 publications

References 23 publications

Hormonal Responses to Psychological Stress in Men Preparing for Skydiving¹

Hormonal Responses to Psychological Stress in Men Preparing for Skydiving¹

Regulation of cortisol bioavailability—effects on hormone measurement and action

Human salivary steroids: Methodological considerations and applications in physical anthropology

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Parotid fluid cortisol and cortisone

Cited by 55 publications

References 23 publications

Hormonal Responses to Psychological Stress in Men Preparing for Skydiving1

Hormonal Responses to Psychological Stress in Men Preparing for Skydiving1

Regulation of cortisol bioavailability—effects on hormone measurement and action

Human salivary steroids: Methodological considerations and applications in physical anthropology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Hormonal Responses to Psychological Stress in Men Preparing for Skydiving¹

Hormonal Responses to Psychological Stress in Men Preparing for Skydiving¹