Parkinson's Disease-related Pains are Not Equal: Clinical, Somatosensory and Cortical Excitability Findings in Individuals With Nociceptive Pain

Neuroplasticity in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic pain syndrome: new research and therapeutic perspectives

“…This includes discussing different types of chronic pain related to Parkinson's disease, central neuropathic pain, phantom limb pain, the use of TENS interventions, chronic low back pain, and exploring the correlation between BDNF levels and clinical pain assessments in older individuals with knee osteoarthritis. It also covers the role of neuroplasticity and neurotrophins in chronic pain, along with the association between sensory and motor cortex characteristics and chronic low back pain [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. The third group, "Neural Circuits and Pathways," focuses on the involvement of neural circuits and pathways in chronic pain, including contemporary pain science theories, biological underpinnings, and underlying neural pathways [28][29][30][31][32].…”

“…The second subcategory, "Neuroplasticity in Pain Modulation," focuses on adaptive changes in neural pathways related to the perception and regulation of pain [14,[23][24][25]30,31]. Lastly, "Cortical Plasticity in Chronic Pain" is the third subcategory, specifically addressing changes in cortical regions associated with chronic pain conditions [9,15,[19][20][21][22]26,27,32]. The references cited in each subcategory correspond to the studies or sources that have investigated or discussed these neuroplastic mechanisms.…”

“…The first group focuses on Neuromodulation Techniques and Non-Pharmacological Interventions, encompassing approaches such as transcranial direct current stimulation and high-definition tDCS targeting specific brain regions to enhance pain management. Additionally, interventions like exercise therapy, BDNF-blocking therapies, and sleep therapy are explored to normalise pain sensitivity[13,19,20,[22][23][24][25]. The second group, Pharmacological Interventions and Targeted Therapies, involves strategies like targeting adenosine receptors and specific neurotransmitter systems, alongside techniques such as optogenetics or chemo genetics to modulate neural circuits.…”

“…Acupuncture and spinal manipulative therapy are highlighted as potential interventions, possibly in combination with nerve growth factors, for various diseases[9,14,26,28]. Personalised Pain Management and Mechanistic Profiling, the third group, advocates for tailoring treatments based on individual pain subtypes and neurophysiology profiles, considering cognitive aspects and clinical pain[22,33]. Finally, Multimodal and Comprehensive Approaches emphasise combining pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to address chronic pain comprehensively, targeting specific neurobiological or neuroplastic mechanisms[16,32].…”