Parking Policy

Abstract

PurposeThis Chapter provides an overview of parking policy. The Chapter takes as its start point that parking is first and foremost a land-use issue. It looks at the conflicts and synergies between parking policy for the purposes of traffic management and parking policy to support various key land-uses and policy objectives. Methodology/approachThis Chapter discusses the main practice oriented viewpoints on what is meant by parking policy and what it aims to achieve. It then provides a state-of-art review of the evidence base on residential, retail and workplace parking as the three key parking destinations before drawing together these findings. FindingsThe reviews reveal that there has been an over emphasis on the importance of the impact of parking pricing to trip frequency, destination and walk times in the literature. Much greater emphasis should be put in to establishing the extent to which parking restraint supports the economy, the environment and social equity. Only then will we be able to develop a consistent policy framing within which good parking management policy can play out and make a long-term difference to travel patterns and the quality of life in our cities. Practical implicationsIf parking policy is to work well as part of an overall package of demand restraint, it needs to be applied in conjunction with and understanding of land-use planning. In transport terms this means connecting parking policy to non-car accessibility. If the overarching land-use and transport accessibility policies are right then there is a greater possibility for other parking management policies to be effectively applied and integrated in broader transport strategies. Originality/value of paperThe paper suggests that without a clear understanding of the broader objectives that parking policy supports it will not be possible to design effective parking management approaches.

A model of interaction of travelers, parking agency and authorities for optimization free and paid parking

“…More than half of the travelers prefer free on-street parking [8], so the violations control is required. Most of the time [9] the car is parked at home 51%, at the employer 20%, on-street 3%, illegally 9%, off-street 9%.…”

“…Most of the time [9] the car is parked at home 51%, at the employer 20%, on-street 3%, illegally 9%, off-street 9%. Other work [8] shows a different ratio: 80% at home, 16% elsewhere, and only 4 % of all time car is used. At the same time [10] the average parking time differs significantly depending the purpose of the trip: 8 hours at work, 1.5 hours shopping.…”

“…The system has a solution due to the corresponding convexity of the objective functions. The system consists of conditions (4), (8), and a condition equal to zero (24). Excluding the unknown C p from the system, the last system is constructed.…”

Do Parking Maximums Deter Housing Development?

“…The debate on the impacts of maximum parking standards has suffered from a scarcity of empirical evidence. Existing research on the relationship between parking restraints and development mostly focuses on nonresidential land uses and economic activities, with relatively little attention paid to residential parking (Still and Simmonds 2000;Marsden 2006Marsden , 2014, despite the latter's significance in terms of both the amount of time a car is parked at its owner's residence and the potential effects of residential parking on car ownership and usage (Bates and Leibling 2012;Guo 2013;Weinberger 2012;Weinberger, Seaman, and Johnson 2009).…”

Towards Sustainable Urban Car–Parking Solutions: Exploring Effects of Parking Policies Using Spatial Regression Analysis

“…In spite of the requirement to set parking fees, the city government's approach to investigating parking behaviour is based on traffic zones (see Figure 1b), which do not coincide with the pricing scheme of charged road segments. While the effects of car-parking policies have been studied in great detail over the years (e.g., Young, 1988;Feeney, 1989;Barter, 2012Barter, , 2015Barter, , 2018Marsden, 2014;Biswas et al, 2017), the effect of this policy implementation has not so far been investigated in detail. It seems timely to carry out a preliminary analysis of the situation before and after the policy was implemented, using the available statistics and metrics.…”